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      Caracterización sociodemográfica y clínica psiquiátrica de pacientes con síntomas médicamente inexplicables en una institución prestadora de salud de Medellín (Colombia) Translated title: Sociodemographic Characterization and Psychiatric Symptoms of Patients with Medically Unexplained Symptoms in a Healthcare Institution in Medellin (Colombia)

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: Se define como síntoma médicamente inexplicado los síntomas físicos de varias semanas de duración cuya adecuada evaluación médica no revele alguna enferme dad que los explique; cuando estos síntomas se tornan persistentes, llevan a exploraciones clínicas exhaustivas y múltiples intervenciones. Estos pacientes tienen un deterioro mayor, o al menos comparable en cuanto a funcionamiento físico, salud mental y percepción nega tiva de su salud, que los pacientes con múltiples enfermedades médicas crónicas; tienen significativamente más eventos estresantes vitales (abuso psicológico, físico y/o sexual) y más probabilidades de cumplir criterios diagnósticos de ansiedad y depresión. Objetivo: Caracterizar sociodemográfica y psiquiátricamente un grupo de pacientes identi ficados en atención primaria con síntomas médicamente inexplicados. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal de pacientes de 18-70 años, a quienes se aplicó el PHQ-15, el PHQ-9 y el PHQ para ansiedad y una encuesta diseña para la investigación. Resultados: Se analizó a 36 pacientes, el 94,4% mujeres, con una mediana de edad de 45 [20] años; el 33,3% de ellas estaban casadas y el 91,7% tenía hijos. El 55% tenía síntomas somáticos funcionales graves, el 77,8% tenía 1 o más trastornos somáticos funcionales y el 77,7% presentaba síntomas afectivos o ansiosos de relevancia clínica. El 25% de los pacientes reportaron antecedente de maltrato en la infancia; el 41,7%, maltrato de pareja, y el 41,6% había sido víctima del conflicto armado colombiano. Conclusiones: El principal hallazgo de este estudio fue que cerca de 8 de cada 10 pacientes cumplían criterios de un trastorno somático funcional con gran intensidad sintomática, y cerca de 3 de cada 10 pacientes cumplían criterios de 2 trastornos funcionales, la mayoría de estos pacientes sin otras enfermedades médicas de base. Además, en estos pacientes se encontró alta prevalencia de exposición a diferentes tipos de violencia a lo largo de la vida.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Medically unexplained symptoms are defined as physical symptoms that have been present for several weeks and that an adequate medical evaluation has not revealed any disease that explains them; when these symptoms become persistent, they lead to comprehensive clinical investigations and multiple interventions. These patients have a greater or at least comparable commitment to physical functioning, mental health, and negative health perception than patients with multiple chronic medical conditions; have significantly more stressful life events (psychological, physical and/or sexual abuse) and are more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for anxiety and depression. Objective: To characterize sociodemographic and psychiatric characteristics of a group of patients identified in primary care with medically unexplained symptoms. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study with patients from 18 to 70 years old who were given PHQ-15, PHQ-9 and PHQ for anxiety, and a survey designed for the study. Results: 36 patients were analysed, 94.4% women, median age 45 [RIC, 20] years-old, 33.3% married, 91.7% had children. 55% had severe functional somatic symptoms, 77.8% had one or more functional somatic disorders, and 77.7% had clinically relevant affective or anxiety symptoms. 25% of the patients reported a history of child abuse, 41.7% were mistreated by a partner, and 41.6% were victims of the Colombian armed conflict. Conclusions: The main finding of this study was that 8 out of 10 patients met criteria for a functional somatic disorder with great symptomatic severity and three out of ten patients met criteria for two functional disorders, most of these patients without otherbasic medical diseases. In addition, we found a high prevalence of exposure to different types of violence that these patients have been subjected to throughout their life.

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          The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review.

          Depression, anxiety and somatization are the most common mental disorders in primary care as well as medical specialty populations; each is present in at least 5-10% of patients and frequently comorbid with one another. An efficient means for measuring and monitoring all three conditions would be desirable. Evidence regarding the psychometric and pragmatic characteristics of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)-7 anxiety and PHQ-15 somatic symptom scales are synthesized from two sources: (1) four multisite cross-sectional studies (three conducted in primary care and one in obstetric-gynecology practices) comprising 9740 patients, and (2) key studies from the literature that have studied these scales. The PHQ-9 and its abbreviated eight-item (PHQ-8) and two-item (PHQ-2) versions have good sensitivity and specificity for detecting depressive disorders. Likewise, the GAD-7 and its abbreviated two-item (GAD-2) version have good operating characteristics for detecting generalized anxiety, panic, social anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. The optimal cutpoint is > or = 10 on the parent scales (PHQ-9 and GAD-7) and > or = 3 on the ultra-brief versions (PHQ-2 and GAD-2). The PHQ-15 is equal or superior to other brief measures for assessing somatic symptoms and screening for somatoform disorders. Cutpoints of 5, 10 and 15 represent mild, moderate and severe symptom levels on all three scales. Sensitivity to change is well-established for the PHQ-9 and emerging albeit not yet definitive for the GAD-7 and PHQ-15. The PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PHQ-15 are brief well-validated measures for detecting and monitoring depression, anxiety and somatization. Copyright 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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            Somatization increases medical utilization and costs independent of psychiatric and medical comorbidity.

            Somatoform disorders are an important determinant of medical care utilization, but their independent effect on utilization is difficult to determine because somatizing patients frequently have psychiatric and medical comorbidity. To assess the extent of the overlap of somatization with other psychiatric disorders; to compare the medical utilization of somatizing and nonsomatizing patients; and to determine the independent contribution of somatization alone to utilization. Patients were surveyed with self-report questionnaires assessing somatization and psychiatric disorder. Medical care utilization was obtained from automated encounter data for the year preceding the index visit. Medical morbidity was indexed with a computerized medical record audit. Two hospital-affiliated primary care practices. Consecutive adults making scheduled visits to their primary care physicians on randomly chosen days. In all, 2668 questionnaires were distributed, and 1914 (71.7%) were returned. Of these, 1546 (80.8%) contained complete data and met eligibility criteria. Medical care utilization and costs within our hospital system in the preceding 12 months. Two hundred ninety-nine patients (20.5%) received a provisional diagnosis of somatization; 42.3% of these patients had no comorbid depressive or anxiety disorder. Somatizing patients, when compared with nonsomatizing patients, had more primary care visits (mean [SE], 4.90 [0.32] vs 3.43 [0.11]; P<.001); more specialty visits (mean [SE], 8.13 [0.55] vs 4.90 [0.21]; P<.001); more emergency department visits (mean [SE], 1.29 [0.15] vs 0.52 [0.036]; P<.001); more hospital admissions (mean [SE], 0.32 [0.051] vs 0.13 [0.014]; P<.001); higher inpatient costs (mean [SE], USD 3146 [USD 380] vs USD 991 [USD 193]; P<.001); and higher outpatient costs (mean [SE], USD 3208 [USD 180] vs USD 1771 [USD 91]; P<.001). When these results were adjusted for the presence of comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders, major medical morbidity, and sociodemographic characteristics, patients with somatoform disorder still had more primary care visits (P = .04), more specialist visits (P = .002), more emergency department visits (P<.001), more hospital admissions (P<.001), more ambulatory procedures (P<.001), higher inpatient costs (P<.001), and higher outpatient costs (P<.001). When these findings are extrapolated to the national level, an estimated USD 256 billion a year in medical care costs are attributable to the incremental effect of somatization alone. Patients with somatization had approximately twice the outpatient and inpatient medical care utilization and twice the annual medical care costs of nonsomatizing patients. Adjusting the findings for the presence of psychiatric and medical comorbidity had relatively little effect on this association.
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              Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders.

              To determine the prevalence of a history of sexual and physical abuse in women seen in a referral-based gastroenterology practice, to determine whether patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders report greater frequencies of abuse than do patients with organic gastrointestinal diseases, and to determine whether a history of abuse is associated with more symptom reporting and health care utilization. A consecutive sample of women seen in a university-based gastroenterology practice over a 2-month period was asked to complete a brief questionnaire. The self-administered questionnaire requested information about demographics, symptoms, health care utilization, and history of abuse. Physicians indicated the primary diagnosis for each patient and whether she had ever discussed having been sexually or physically abused. Of 206 patients, 89 (44%) reported a history of sexual or physical abuse in childhood or later in life; all but 1 of the physically abused patients had been sexually abused. Almost one third of the abused patients had never discussed their experiences with anyone; only 17% had informed their doctors. Patients with functional disorders were more likely than those with organic disease diagnoses to report a history of forced intercourse (odds ratio, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.03 to 4.21) and frequent physical abuse (odds ratio, 11.39; CI, 2.22 to 58.48), chronic or recurrent abdominal pain (odds ratio, 2.06; CI, 1.03 to 4.12), and more lifetime surgeries (2.7 compared with 2.0 surgeries; P less than 0.03). Abused patients were more likely than nonabused patients to report pelvic pain (odds ratio, 4.05; CI, 1.41 to 11.69), multiple somatic symptoms (7.1 compared with 5.8 symptoms; P less than 0.001), and more lifetime surgeries (2.8 compared with 2.0 surgeries; P less than 0.01). We found that a history of sexual and physical abuse is a frequent, yet hidden, experience in women seen in referral-based gastroenterology practice and is particularly common in those with functional gastrointestinal disorders. A history of abuse, regardless of diagnosis, is associated with greater risk for symptom reporting and lifetime surgeries.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rcp
                Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría
                rev.colomb.psiquiatr.
                Asociacion Colombiana de Psiquiatria. (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                0034-7450
                June 2019
                : 48
                : 2
                : 72-79
                Affiliations
                [2] Medellín orgnameInstituto del Tórax Colombia
                [1] Medellín Antioquía orgnameUniversidad CES Colombia
                Article
                S0034-74502019000200072
                10.1016/j.rcp.2017.08.005
                8111cce5-a071-4249-95ef-eca84db97ddb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 August 2017
                : 12 May 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Artículo original

                Ansiedad,Maltrato a los niños,Violencia doméstica,Violencia sexual,Exposición a la violencia,Medically unexplained symptoms,Depression,Anxiety,Child abuse,Sexual violence,Exposure to violence,Domestic violence,Síntomas médicamente inexplicados,Depresión

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