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      Feast of Sacrifice and Orf, Milan, Italy, 2015–2018

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          Abstract

          Orf (ecthyma contagiosum) is an infection of the skin caused by a DNA virus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. We recently observed 7 cases of orf in Muslim men living in the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy, who acquired the infection after the Feast of Sacrifice.

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          A viral infection of the hand commonly seen after the feast of sacrifice: human orf (orf of the hand).

          A Karaoguz, A Özkul, E Bilgic … (2005)
          Orf of the hand is an uncommon zoonotic infection caused by a dermotropic DNA virus that belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae. It is transmitted to humans through contact with infected sheep and goats and is reported as an occupational disease. We report nine cases of human orf seen in the hands of individuals, who were not occupationally exposed, after the feast of sacrifice in Turkey. Three cases were teachers and six out of the nine were housewives. We observed musculoskeletal complications and misdiagnoses. It is important to consider human orf in the differential diagnosis of hand lesions to prevent overtreatment and complications.
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            Sheep-to-Human Transmission of Orf Virus during Eid al-Adha Religious Practices, France

            Antoine Nougairede, Christelle Fossati, Nicolas Salez … (2013)
            Five persons in France were infected with Orf virus after skin wounds were exposed to infected sheep tissues during Eid al-Adha, the Muslim Feast of Sacrifice. Infections were confirmed by electron microscopy, PCR, and sequence analysis. Prevention and control of this underdiagnosed disease can be achieved by educating physicians, slaughterhouse workers, and persons participating in Eid al-Adha.
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              [Orf in urban surroundings and religious practices: a study over a 3-year period].

              P D Ghislain, J Delescluse, Y Dinet (2001)
              Orf is a sheep disease, due to a parapox virus. Men in close contact with these animals may be contaminated. This generally occurs during professional activities. In our clinic, located in the heart of Brussels, we were surprised by the number of orf cases encountered each year, grouped during a short three-week period. We decided to set up a prospective study of three years. Forty-four cases (14 to 64 years of age) were observed: 14 in 1998, 18 in 1999 and 12 in 2000. There were 29 men and 15 women. Only one patient had professional contact with sheep; 42 were muslims. Forty-two lesions out of 44 developed in the same time span, 10 days earlier each year. Complications observed were: erythema multiforme (7 cases), lymphangitis (3 cases), axillary adenitis (3 cases), eyelid edema (2 cases), generalized maculopapular eruption (2 cases) and contact dermatitis to the cream applied (1 case). This peculiar epidemiology can easily be explained: patients are contaminated during a religious feast, Aid el Kebir (the Feast of Sacrifice). On this occasion, they slaughter sheep, which they manipulate with bare hands. Small trauma often occur at that time. We conclude that orf is not only a professional disease but particuliar habits may cause epidemic-type contamination.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): August 2019
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 1585-1586
                Affiliations
                [1]Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Stefano Veraldi, University of Milan, Dermatology Unit, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; email: stefano.veraldi@ 123456unimi.it
                Article
                Publisher ID: 18-1063
                DOI: 10.3201/eid2508.181063
                PMC ID: 6649321
                PubMed ID: 31310206
                SO-VID: 81aeb1a8-3a76-4601-a0c4-d8b793c7a528
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Research Letter
                Subject: Research Letter
                Subject: Feast of Sacrifice and Orf, Milan, Italy, 2015–2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: orf virus,ecthyma contagiosum,skin infection,parapoxvirus,epidemiology,italy,viruses,zoonoses
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: orf virus, ecthyma contagiosum, skin infection, parapoxvirus, epidemiology, italy, viruses, zoonoses

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