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      Functional analysis of eliciting plant response protein Epl1-Tas from Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536

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          Abstract

          Eliciting plant response protein (Epl) is a small Trichoderma secreted protein that acts as an elicitor to induce plant defense responses against pathogens. In the present study, the differential expression, promoter analysis, and phylogenetic tree analysis of Epl1-Tas (GenBank JN966996) from T. asperellum ACCC30536 were performed. The results showed Epl1-Tas could play an important role in the interaction between T. asperellum ACCC30536 and woody plant or woody plant pathogen. Furthermore, the effect of the Escherichia coli recombinant protein rEpl1-e and the Pichia pastoris recombinant protein rEpl1-p on Populus davidiana ×  P. alba var. pyramidalis (PdPap) was studied. In PdPap seedlings, rEpl1-e or rEpl1-p induction altered the expression levels of 11 genes in the salicylic acid (SA, three genes), jasmonic acid (JA, four genes) and auxin (four genes) signal transduction pathways, and five kinds of enzymes activities The induction level of rEpl1-p was significantly higher than that of rEpl1-e, indicating that rEpl1-p could be used for further induction experiment. Under 3 mg/mL rEpl1-p induction, the mean height of the PdPap seedlings increased by 57.65% and the mean lesion area on the PdPap seedlings leaves challenged with Alternaria alternata decreased by 91.22% compared with those of the control. Thus, elicitor Epl1-Tas could induce the woody plant resistance to pathogen.

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          Characterization of an Arabidopsis enzyme family that conjugates amino acids to indole-3-acetic acid.

          Paul E Staswick, Bogdan Serban, Martha Rowe … (2005)
          Substantial evidence indicates that amino acid conjugates of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) function in auxin homeostasis, yet the plant enzymes involved in their biosynthesis have not been identified. We tested whether several Arabidopsis thaliana enzymes that are related to the auxin-induced soybean (Glycine max) GH3 gene product synthesize IAA-amino acid conjugates. In vitro reactions with six recombinant GH3 enzymes produced IAA conjugates with several amino acids, based on thin layer chromatography. The identity of the Ala, Asp, Phe, and Trp conjugates was verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Insertional mutations in GH3.1, GH3.2, GH3.5, and GH3.17 resulted in modestly increased sensitivity to IAA in seedling root. Overexpression of GH3.6 in the activation-tagged mutant dfl1-D did not significantly alter IAA level but resulted in 3.2- and 4.5-fold more IAA-Asp than in wild-type seedlings and mature leaves, respectively. In addition to IAA, dfl1-D was less sensitive to indole-3-butyric acid and naphthaleneacetic acid, consistent with the fact that GH3.6 was active on each of these auxins. By contrast, GH3.6 and the other five enzymes tested were inactive on halogenated auxins, and dfl1-D was not resistant to these. This evidence establishes that several GH3 genes encode IAA-amido synthetases, which help to maintain auxin homeostasis by conjugating excess IAA to amino acids.
          Article 0 comments Cited 304 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma

            Christian P. Kubicek, Alfredo Herrera-Estrella, Verena Seidl-Seiboth … (2011)
            Background Mycoparasitism, a lifestyle where one fungus is parasitic on another fungus, has special relevance when the prey is a plant pathogen, providing a strategy for biological control of pests for plant protection. Probably, the most studied biocontrol agents are species of the genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma. Results Here we report an analysis of the genome sequences of the two biocontrol species Trichoderma atroviride (teleomorph Hypocrea atroviridis) and Trichoderma virens (formerly Gliocladium virens, teleomorph Hypocrea virens), and a comparison with Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina). These three Trichoderma species display a remarkable conservation of gene order (78 to 96%), and a lack of active mobile elements probably due to repeat-induced point mutation. Several gene families are expanded in the two mycoparasitic species relative to T. reesei or other ascomycetes, and are overrepresented in non-syntenic genome regions. A phylogenetic analysis shows that T. reesei and T. virens are derived relative to T. atroviride. The mycoparasitism-specific genes thus arose in a common Trichoderma ancestor but were subsequently lost in T. reesei. Conclusions The data offer a better understanding of mycoparasitism, and thus enforce the development of improved biocontrol strains for efficient and environmentally friendly protection of plants.
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              Induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants: mechanism of action.

              Devendra Choudhary, Anil Prakash, B Johri (2007)
              Plants possess a range of active defense apparatuses that can be actively expressed in response to biotic stresses (pathogens and parasites) of various scales (ranging from microscopic viruses to phytophagous insect). The timing of this defense response is critical and reflects on the difference between coping and succumbing to such biotic challenge of necrotizing pathogens/parasites. If defense mechanisms are triggered by a stimulus prior to infection by a plant pathogen, disease can be reduced. Induced resistance is a state of enhanced defensive capacity developed by a plant when appropriately stimulated. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR) are two forms of induced resistance wherein plant defenses are preconditioned by prior infection or treatment that results in resistance against subsequent challenge by a pathogen or parasite. Selected strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) suppress diseases by antagonism between the bacteria and soil-borne pathogens as well as by inducing a systemic resistance in plant against both root and foliar pathogens. Rhizobacteria mediated ISR resembles that of pathogen induced SAR in that both types of induced resistance render uninfected plant parts more resistant towards a broad spectrum of plant pathogens. Several rhizobacteria trigger the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent SAR pathway by producing SA at the root surface whereas other rhizobacteria trigger different signaling pathway independent of SA. The existence of SA-independent ISR pathway has been studied in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is dependent on jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene signaling. Specific Pseudomonas strains induce systemic resistance in viz., carnation, cucumber, radish, tobacco, and Arabidopsis, as evidenced by an enhanced defensive capacity upon challenge inoculation. Combination of ISR and SAR can increase protection against pathogens that are resisted through both pathways besides extended protection to a broader spectrum of pathogens than ISR/SAR alone. Beside Pseudomonas strains, ISR is conducted by Bacillus spp. wherein published results show that several specific strains of species B. amyloliquifaciens, B. subtilis, B. pasteurii, B. cereus, B. pumilus, B. mycoides, and B.sphaericus elicit significant reduction in the incidence or severity of various diseases on a diversity of hosts.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Zhihua Liu: lzhnefu@126.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 May 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 22 May 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 7974
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1789 9091, GRID grid.412246.7, School of Forestry, , Northeast Forestry University, ; 26 Hexing Road, 150040 Harbin, China
                [2 ]Forestry Protection Institute, Heilongjiang academy of Forestry, 134 Haping Road, 150040 Harbin, China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 26328
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26328-1
                PMC ID: 5964103
                PubMed ID: 29789617
                SO-VID: 81eb7f90-2394-45e5-a09b-99ca0b12ebd7
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 23 October 2017
                Date accepted : 9 May 2018
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                Subject: Article
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