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      Bilateral infraorbital nerve blocks decrease postoperative pain but do not reduce time to discharge following outpatient nasal surgery Translated title: Les blocs bilatéraux du nerf sous-orbitaire réduisent la douleur postopératoire mais pas le temps jusqu’au congé après une chirurgie nasale ambulatoire

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          While infraorbital nerve blocks have demonstrated analgesic benefits for pediatric nasal and facial plastic surgery, no studies to date have explored the effect of this regional anesthetic technique on adult postoperative recovery. We designed this study to test the hypothesis that infraorbital nerve blocks combined with a standardized general anesthetic decrease the duration of recovery following outpatient nasal surgery.

          Methods

          At a tertiary care university hospital, healthy adult subjects scheduled for outpatient nasal surgery were randomly assigned to receive bilateral infraorbital injections with either 0.5% bupivacaine (Group IOB) or normal saline (Group NS) using an intraoral technique immediately following induction of general anesthesia. All subjects underwent a standardized general anesthetic regimen and were transported to the recovery room following tracheal extubation. The primary outcome was the duration of recovery (minutes) from recovery room admission until actual discharge to home. Secondary outcomes included average and worst pain scores, nausea and vomiting, and supplemental opioid requirements.

          Results

          Forty patients were enrolled. A statistically significant difference in mean [SD] recovery room duration was not observed between Groups IOB and NS (131 [61] min vs 133 [58] min, respectively; P = 0.77). Subjects in Group IOB did experience a reduction in average pain on a 0–100 mm scale (mean [95% confidence interval]) compared to Group NS (−11 [−21 to 0], P = 0.047), but no other comparison of secondary outcomes was statistically significant.

          Conclusions

          When added to a standardized general anesthetic, bilateral IOB do not decrease actual time to discharge following outpatient nasal surgery despite a beneficial effect on postoperative pain.

          Résumé

          Objectif

          Malgré que les bienfaits analgésiques des blocs du nerf sous-orbitaire aient été démontrés pour la chirurgie nasale pédiatrique et la chirurgie plastique faciale, à ce jour aucune étude n’a exploré l’effet de cette technique d’anesthésie régionale sur la récupération postopératoire chez l’adulte. Nous avons conçu cette étude de façon à tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle les blocs du nerf sous-orbitaire associés à un anesthésique général standard réduisent le temps de récupération après une chirurgie nasale ambulatoire.

          Méthode

          Dans un hôpital universitaire de soins tertiaires, des patients adultes sains devant subir une chirurgie nasale ambulatoire ont été répartis aléatoirement en deux groupes, l’un recevant des injections sous-orbitaires bilatérales avec de la bupivacaïne 0,5 % (groupe IOB), et l’autre une solution physiologique (groupe NS) à l’aide d’une technique intra-buccale immédiatement après l’induction de l’anesthésie générale. Tous les patients ont reçu une anesthésie standard et ont été transférés à la salle de réveil après l’extubation trachéale. Le critère d’évaluation primaire était la durée de la récupération (minutes) à partir de l’admission en salle de réveil jusqu’au congé effectif de l’hôpital. Les critères d’évaluation secondaires comprenaient les scores de douleur moyens et extrêmes, les nausées et vomissements, ainsi que les besoins additionnels en opiacés.

          Résultats

          Quarante patients ont participé à l’étude. Une différence statistiquement significative dans le temps moyen [ET] passé en salle de réveil n’a pas été observée entre les groupes IOB et NS (131 [61] min vs. 133 [58] min, respectivement; P = 0,77). Les patients du groupe IOB ont ressenti une douleur moyenne réduite sur une échelle de 0 à 100 mm (moyenne [intervalle de confiance 95 %]) par rapport au groupe NS (-11 [-21 – 0], P = 0,047), mais aucune autre comparaison parmi les critères d’évaluation secondaires n’a été statistiquement significative.

          Conclusion

          Lorsqu’il est ajouté à une anesthésie générale standard, le bloc sous-orbitaire bilatéral ne réduit pas le temps effectif jusqu’au congé après une chirurgie nasale ambulatoire, malgré son effet bénéfique sur la douleur postopératoire.

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          Most cited references27

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          Which clinical anesthesia outcomes are important to avoid? The perspective of patients.

          Healthcare quality can be improved by eliciting patient preferences and customizing care to meet the needs of the patient. The goal of this study was to quantify patients' preferences for postoperative anesthesia outcomes. One hundred one patients in the preoperative clinic completed a written survey. Patients were asked to rank (order) 10 possible postoperative outcomes from their most undesirable to their least undesirable outcome. Each outcome was described in simple language. Patients were also asked to distribute $100 among the 10 outcomes, proportionally more money being allocated to the more undesirable outcomes. The dollar allocations were used to determine the relative value of each outcome. Rankings and relative value scores correlated closely (r2 = 0.69). Patients rated from most undesirable to least undesirable (in order): vomiting, gagging on the tracheal tube, incisional pain, nausea, recall without pain, residual weakness, shivering, sore throat, and somnolence (F-test < 0.01). Although there is variability in how patients rated postoperative outcomes, avoiding nausea/vomiting, incisional pain, and gagging on the endotracheal tube was a high priority for most patients. Whether clinicians can improve the quality of anesthesia by designing anesthesia regimens that most closely meet each individual patient's preferences for clinical outcomes deserves further study.
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            • Record: found
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            Consensus guidelines for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting.

            We present evidence-based guidelines developed by an international panel of experts for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
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              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Pain as a factor complicating recovery and discharge after ambulatory surgery.

              Pain complicates the recovery process after ambulatory surgery. We surveyed 175 ambulatory surgery patients to determine pain severity, analgesic use, relationship of pain to duration of recovery, and the relative importance of various factors to predicting these outcomes. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine unique contributions of predictor variables to outcome. Surgical procedures included knee arthroscopy (n = 50), hernia surgery (n = 25), pelvic laparoscopy (n = 25), transvaginal uterine surgery (n = 25), surgery for breast disease (n = 25), and plastic surgery (n = 25). Maximum pain (on a scale of 0-10) varied from 2.3 +/- 0.5 to 5.1 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SE), depending on surgical procedure; 24% of patients had pain scores of > or =7, and 24% were delayed in Phase 1 recovery by pain. Pain scores were lower if local anesthetic or ketorolac was administered intraoperatively (22% and 26% respectively). Fentanyl dose during recovery correlated with maximum pain scores; fentanyl dose was 42% less if ketorolac was administered intraoperatively. In females, the recovery fentanyl dose increased in proportion to the intraoperative fentanyl dose. The maximum pain score was predictive of total recovery time (135, 172, and 212 min of recovery for maximum pain scores of 0-3, 4-6, and 7-10, respectively; P < 0.001). We conclude that improvements in pain therapy are warranted to improve patient comfort and to expedite recovery. Moderate to severe pain is common after ambulatory surgery and is a frequent cause of delayed discharge. Postoperative pain, opioid-related side effects, and time to discharge were less when nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or local anesthetics were used intraoperatively to prevent pain before patient awakening.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ermariano@ucsd.edu
                Journal
                Can J Anaesth
                Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
                Springer-Verlag (New York )
                0832-610X
                1496-8975
                28 May 2009
                August 2009
                : 56
                : 8
                : 584-589
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103-8770 USA
                [2 ]Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
                [3 ]Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA USA
                [4 ]Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
                Article
                9119
                10.1007/s12630-009-9119-5
                2714904
                19475468
                81f8ac2f-7332-43b7-a34d-2fd1260d0692
                © The Author(s) 2009
                History
                : 3 March 2009
                : 8 May 2009
                Categories
                Reports of Original Investigations
                Custom metadata
                © Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society 2009

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                Anesthesiology & Pain management

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