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      PLURIPARIDADE NAS ÉGUAS: RELAÇÃO COM CARACTERÍSTICAS MATERNAS, PLACENTÁRIAS E NEONATAIS Translated title: PLURIPARITY IN MARES: RELATIONSHIP WITH MATERNAL, PLACENTAL, AND NEONATAL CHARACTERISTICS

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          Abstract

          Resumo A placenta é o órgão de ligação entre a égua e o potro e é um dos principais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento fetal e pelas características morfométricas do neonato. Essa função se torna cada vez mais importante porque os estudos indicam que as características físicas dos potros predizem o seu desenvolvimento na vida adulta. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi correlacionar número de partos (1-5) e características maternas de éguas com as características placentárias e o tamanho do potro. As éguas foram categorizadas em grupos de acordo com o número de partos sendo G1: 1 parto (n=4); G2: 2 partos (n=6); G3: 3 partos (n=7); G4: 4 partos (n=5); e G5: 5 partos (n=3). Como principais resultados obtidos, o perímetro torácico e o peso da égua pré- e pós-parto influenciaram positivamente peso (p=0,004/ R= 0,51; p=0,002/ R= 0,55; p=0,01/ R= 0,43), altura (p=0,0005/ R= 0,60; p=0,001/ R= 0,57; p=0,005/ R= 0,50) e perímetro torácico (p=0,0001/ R= 0,65; p≤0,0001/ R= 0,71; p=0,0002/ R= 0,64) dos potros ao nascimento. Éguas com maior peso corporal no pré-parto apresentaram maior peso placentário (p=0,01/R= 0,45) e pariram potros mais pesados (p=0,003/ R= 0,52) com maior perímetro torácico (p=0,01/ R= 0,45). Os neonatos de éguas do G4 foram os mais pesados, indicando que provavelmente o maior tamanho uterino em éguas pluríparas permita uma maior cobertura placentária, maior área de contato materno fetal e provavelmente maior aporte de nutrientes ao feto.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The placenta connects the mare and the foal and it is one of the main organs responsible for fetal development and newborn’s morphometric characteristics. This function becomes even more important because a number of studies indicates that foals physical characteristics are able to predict their development in adult life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to correlate mares parity (1-5) and maternal characteristics with placental characteristics as well as foals size. Mares were categorized according to parity in G1: 1 parturation (n=4); G2: 2 parturations (n=6); G3: 3 parturations (n=7); G4: 4 parturations (n=5); and G5: 5 parturations (n=3). Results indicate that the mares pre- and post-parturition thoracic perimeter and weight had a positive correlation on foals weight (p=0.004/ R= 0.51; p=0.002/ R= 0.55; p=0.01/ R= 0.43), height (p=0.0005/ R= 0.60; p=0.001/ R= 0.57; p=0.005/ R= 0,50), and thoracic perimeter (p=0.0001/ R= 0.65; p≤0.0001/ R= 0.71; p=0.0002/ R= 0.64) at birth. Mares that were heavier at pre-partum had greater placental weight (p=0.01/R= 0.45) and delivered heavier foals (p=0.003/ R= 0.52) with greater thoracic perimeter (p=0.01/ R= 0.45). Foals of mares in G4 were heavier, probably indicating that the greater uterine size in multiparous mares allows greater placental coverage, greater fetomaternal surface contact and probably greater supply of nutrient to the fetus.

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          Most cited references25

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          Intrauterine programming of adult disease.

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            The effects of parity on birthweight using successive pregnancies.

            Accurate assessment of the difference in birthweight between first and second live-births to the same woman having excluded the effects of physiological factors known to affect birthweight. Retrospective longitudinal observational study. Three large obstetric units in the East Midlands of the United Kingdom. Women in whom data were recorded for their first two pregnancies on the UK East Midlands Obstetric database which resulted in the delivery of a liveborn, singleton and congenitally normal baby. Six thousand five hundred and thirty such cases were identified, of which 3457 had complete datasets and delivered both babies at term (259 to 300 days). An analysis was performed of changes between the paired pregnancies of physiological factors known to affect birthweight. Regression analyses were used to enable prediction of the second birthweight with the knowledge of the first birthweight. The mean crude birthweight difference between first and second pregnancies was an increase of 138 g. Significant differences between the paired pregnancies were found in maternal booking visit weight, blood pressure, maternal age and gestation at delivery. Independent factors affecting difference in birthweight were gestation at delivery, maternal booking weight and baby's sex. Regression towards the mean was demonstrated which meant that a woman delivering a first baby weighing more than 3720 g could expect a lighter baby for her second delivery provided that all other factors remained constant. In general terms a woman is more likely to deliver a heavier baby in her second pregnancy than in her first pregnancy. However, maternal physiological factors differ in the two pregnancies and these differences have additional effects on birthweight. The effects of both these observations are tempered by regression towards the mean which has a profound influence in predicting the likely change in birthweight between first and second pregnancies. Clinical decisions should not be based on the assumption that a second baby will inevitably be heavier than the first baby.
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              The effects of maternal age and parity on placental and fetal development in the mare.

              The normality of equine placentation is essential for fetal health and development. Substantial information exists on the gross morphological status of the placenta but few studies have addressed the problem of degenerative lesions that interfere with placental morphology and placental efficiency. Degenerative changes in the endometrium with increasing age and parity are reflected in the morphology and density of the placental microcotyledons. To assess placental efficiency on the basis of foal birthweight as a function of total microscopic area of fetomaternal contact. Stereology was used to examine the placentae of 84 Thoroughbred mares grouped on the basis of age and parity. Placental efficiency, assessed by expressing foal birthweight as a function of total microscopic area of fetomaternal contact, was also determined. Mare age and parity influenced the development of the microcotyledons and microcotyledon surface density (Sv) was lowest in aged multiparous mares, presumably due to degenerative changes in their endometrium. However, primiparous mares also showed significantly lower Sv values than young multiparous mares, despite the virginal endometrium of the former group. This apparent 'priming' effect of a first pregnancy on microcotyledonary Sv was illustrated further by 11 maiden mares followed in 2 successive pregnancies. They all showed significant increases in Sv values in their second parity, with equivalent improvements in foal birthweight. Foal birthweight is a reflection of the balance between fetomaternal contact and placental efficiency. Increases in fetomaternal contact are correlated to reductions in placental efficiency, which may reflect the ability of the placenta to modify its exchange capabilities. Further work is needed to elucidate how such changes in microcotyledon morphology and efficiency are brought about.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cab
                Ciência Animal Brasileira
                Ciênc. anim. bras.
                Universidade Federal de Goiás (Goiânia, GO, Brazil )
                1518-2797
                1809-6891
                July 2017
                : 18
                : 0
                : e33567
                Affiliations
                [1] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Brazil
                [2] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Brazil
                Article
                S1809-68912017000100313
                10.1590/1089-6891v18e-33567
                827d1cb9-e6da-4b33-9583-475508a8ec2d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 January 2015
                : 20 February 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Medicina Veterinária

                parto,membrana corioalantóide,gestação,equino,pregnancy,parturition,equine,chorioallantoic membrane

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