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      The Iron Age Today

      Internet Archaeology
      Council for British Archaeology

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          Abstract

          Thanks to investment in walking the landscape, aerial photography, geophysical survey and excavation, there is a baseline of information on the distribution and types of enclosed settlement and examples of high-quality site-based data, often revealing complex site histories. These are our resources from which to extract meaning about the past — but what can actually be said about the Iron Age from all these data? What are the next stages in moving towards greater understanding? And what is the current management and presentation of the Iron Age to the public in Wales? This contribution reviews our current state of knowledge and its uses so that we can develop strategies to improve the data and communicate what it can tell us about the Welsh past.

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          Most cited references23

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          Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies

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            British Iron Age Diet: Stable Isotopes and Other Evidence

            This paper presents the results of new research into British Iron Age diet. Specifically, it summarises the existing evidence and compares this with new evidence obtained from stable isotope analysis. The isotope data come from both humans and animals from ten British middle Iron Age sites, from four locations in East Yorkshire, East Lothian, Hampshire, and Cornwall. These represent the only significant data-set of comparative humans (n = 138) and animals (n = 212) for this period currently available for the UK. They are discussed here alongside other evidence for diet during the middle Iron Age in Britain. In particular, the question of whether fish, or other aquatic foods, were a major dietary resource during this period is examined. The isotopic data suggest similar dietary protein consumption patterns across the groups, both within local populations and between them, although outliers do exist which may indicate mobile individuals moving into the sites. The diet generally includes a high level of animal protein, with little indication of the use of marine resources at any isotopically distinguishable level, even when the sites are situated directly on the coast. The nitrogen isotopic values also indicate absolute variation across these locations which is indicative of environmental background differences rather than differential consumption patterns and this is discussed in the context of the difficulty of interpreting isotopic data without a complete understanding of the ‘baseline’ values for any particular time and place. This reinforces the need for significant numbers of contemporaneous animals to be analysed from the same locations when interpreting human data-sets.
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              Hillforts at War: From Maiden Castle to Taniwaha Pā

              Ian Armit (2007)
              Following Wheeler's excavations at Maiden Castle, the multivallate hillforts of Wessex came to be seen as responses to a specific form of warfare based around the massed use of slings. As part of the wider post-processual ‘rethink’ of the British Iron Age during the late 1980s and 1990s, this traditional ‘military’ interpretation of hillforts was increasingly subject to criticism. Apparent weaknesses in hillfort design were identified and many of the most distinctive features of these sites (depth of enclosure, complexity of entrance arrangements, etc) were reinterpreted as symbols of social isolation. Yet this ‘pacification’ of hillforts is in many ways as unsatisfactory as the traditional vision. Both camps have tended to view warfare as a detached, functional, and disembedded activity which can be analysed in terms of essentially timeless concepts of military efficiency. Consideration of the use of analogous structures in the ethnographic record suggests that, far from being mutually exclusive, the military and symbolic dimensions are both essential to a more nuanced understanding of the wider social role of hillforts in Britain and beyond. Résumé Suite aux excavations effectuées par Wheeler à Maiden Castle, on en est venu à considérer les forteresses de sommet de colline à plusieurs remparts du Wessex comme des réactions à une forme particulière de guerre reposant sur l'usage en masse de frondes. Faisant partie de la ré-évaluation post-processuelle plus générale de l'âge du fer britannique au cours de la fin des années 80 et dans les années 90, cette interprétation traditionnelle, ‘militaire,’ des forteresses a été de plus en plus sujette à critique. On identifia d'évidentes faiblesses dans la conception des forteresses et un grand nombre des traits les plus caractéristiques de ces sites (profondeur de l'enclos, complexité des moyens d'accès, etc…) furent interprétés comme étant les symboles d'un isolement social. Pourtant, cette pacification des forteresses est, sous beaucoup d'aspects, aussi peu satisfaisante que la version traditionnelle. Les deux camps ont eu tendance à considérer la guerre comme une activité détachée, fonctionnelle et désincarnée qu'on peut analyser en termes de concepts, essentiellement intemporels, d'efficacité militaire. L'examen de l'usage de structures analogues dans les archives ethnographiques donne à penser que, loin de s'exclure mutuellement, les dimensions militaire et symbolique sont toutes deux essentielles à une compréhension plus nuancée du rôle social plus étendu des forteresses en Grande-Bretagne et au-delà. Résumen Tras las excavaciones de Wheeler en Maiden Castle, los fuertes multivallados de Wessex fueron interpretados como la respuesta a un tipo específico de guerra en el que se utilizaban las hondas en gran cantidad. Durante los años 80 y 90, el replanteamiento post-procesual de la Edad del Hierro en Gran Bretaña cuestionó cada vez más la tradicional interpretación militar de los fuertes. Se detectaron aparentes puntos débiles en el diseño de los fuertes y muchas de las características más distintivas de estos sitos (profundidad del foso, complejidad de las entradas, etc.) se reinterpretaron como símbolos de aislamiento social. Sin embargo, en muchos sentidos esta “pacificación” de los fuertes no es tan satisfactoria como la visión tradicional. Ambas posturas tienden a ver la guerra como una actividad separada, funcional y desconexa, que puede analizarse en términos de eficiencia militar esencialmente inalterables. La consideración del uso de estructuras análogas en el registro etnográfico sugiere que, lejos de ser mutuamente exclusivas, las dimensiones militar y simbólica son esenciales para una comprensión más matizada del papel social más amplio que desempeñaron los fuertes en Gran Bretaña y más allá. Zusammenfassung Nach Wheelers Ausgrabungen in Maiden Castle wurden die vielförmigen Höhenfestungen in Wessex als Reflex auf eine besondere Art der Kriegsführung gesehen, die sich auf einen ausgeprägten Einsatz von Schleudern stützte. Diese traditionelle ‘militärische’ Deutung der Höhenfestungen wurde im Zuge der weit reichenden post-prozessualen ‘Neubetrachtung’ der Britischen Eisenzeit in den späten 80ger und 90ger Jahren zunehmend kritisiert. So wurden augenscheinliche Schwachstellen in ihrer Anlage identifiziert und viele der charakteristischsten Merkmale dieser Fundstellen (z.B. die Tiefe ihrer Gräben, die Komplexität der Eingangsanlagen usw.) eher als Symbole sozialer Trennung gedeutet. Diese ‘Befriedung’ der Höhenfestungen bleibt jedoch in vieler Hinsicht ebenso unzulänglich wie die traditionelle Sichtweise. So tendieren beide Sichtweisen dazu Krieg als einen rein funktionalen, losgelösten Vorgang zu sehen, der notwendigerweise im Sinne zeitloser Konzepte militärischer Effizienz analysiert werden kann. Durch das Heranziehen analoger Strukturen aus ethnographischen Quellen wird aber deutlich, dass sich die militärische und die symbolische Interpretation der Anlagen nicht gegenseitig ausschließen, sondern für ein nuanciertes Verständnis der weit reichenden sozialen Funktion der Höhenfestungen in und außerhalb Großbritanniens von großer Bedeutung sind.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Internet Archaeology
                Internet Archaeol.
                Council for British Archaeology
                13635387
                February 2018
                February 2018
                :
                : 48
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of Liverpool
                Article
                10.11141/ia.48.10
                83f221ff-0eeb-4945-979d-4233592dd69d
                © 2018

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

                History

                Pre-history,Early modern history,Archaeology,Anthropology,Ancient history,History
                Pre-history, Early modern history, Archaeology, Anthropology, Ancient history, History

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