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      Seed predation of Virola bicuhyba (Schott) Warb. (Myristicaceae) in the Atlantic forest of south-eastern Brazil Translated title: Predação de sementes de Virola bicuhyba (Schott) Warb. (Myristicaceae) em floresta atlântica no sudeste do Brasil

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          Abstract

          Seed predation of Virola bicuhyba (Myristicaceae) was studied in an area of Atlantic forest in south-eastern Brazil, with the objective of testing the Janzen-Connell model. The predation of seeds was evaluated at three different distances from the parent tree for two classes of predators: invertebrates and vertebrates. The method of exclosure plots (closed plots) and open control plots was used, distributed at 5, 15 and 25 m from the trunk of each adult fruiting tree of V. bicuhyba. In Experiment 1, 1,200 seeds were used and, in Experiment 2, 1,440 seeds. Both experiments did not agree with Janzen-Connell model, as seed predation by invertebrates and vertebrates was independent of the distance from the parent tree. Seed predation rate was high, however the impact of predation by vertebrates was higher than by invertebrates, indicating that it is the main cause of seed mortality.

          Translated abstract

          Foi estudada a predação de sementes em Virola bicuhyba (Myristicaceae) em área de floresta atlântica no sudeste do Brasil, com objetivo de testar o modelo de Janzen-Connell de que a mortalidade de sementes aumenta próximo a árvore parental. Foi avaliada a predação de sementes em três diferentes distâncias da árvore mãe e para duas classes de predadores: invertebrados e vertebrados. Foram utilizadas parcelas de exclusão para vertebrados e parcelas controle abertas, distribuídas a 5, 15 e 25 m de distância do tronco de indivíduos de V. bicuhyba em frutificação. No Experimento 1 foram utilizadas 1.200 sementes e no Experimento 2, 1.440 sementes. Os dois experimentos não corroboraram o modelo de Janzen-Connell, pois a predação de sementes por invertebrados e vertebrados foi independente da distância da árvore parental. Foram verificadas altas taxas de predação de sementes, porém a predação por vertebrados foi maior do que por invertebrados nos dois experimentos, sendo esta a principal causa da mortalidade das sementes.

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          Most cited references55

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          Seed Predation by Animals

          D. Janzen (1971)
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            Plant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms of species coexistence

            Evidence concerning mechanisms hypothesized to explain species coexistence in hyper-diverse communities is reviewed for tropical forest plants. Three hypotheses receive strong support. Niche differences are evident from non-random spatial distributions along micro-topographic gradients and from a survivorship-growth tradeoff during regeneration. Host-specific pests reduce recruitment near reproductive adults (the Janzen-Connell effect), and, negative density dependence occurs over larger spatial scales among the more abundant species and may regulate their populations. A fourth hypothesis, that suppressed understory plants rarely come into competition with one another, has not been considered before and has profound implications for species coexistence. These hypotheses are mutually compatible. Infrequent competition among suppressed understory plants, niche differences, and Janzen-Connell effects may facilitate the coexistence of the many rare plant species found in tropical forests while negative density dependence regulates the few most successful and abundant species.
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              Tree dispersion, abundance, and diversity in a tropical dry forest.

              S Hubbell (1979)
              Patterns of tree abundance and dispersion in a tropical deciduous (dry) forest are summarized. The generalization that tropical trees have spaced adults did not hold. All species were either clumped or randomly dispersed, with rare species more clumped than common species. Breeding system was unrelated to species abundance or dispersion, but clumping was related to mode of seed dispersal. Juvenile densities decreased approximately exponentially away from adults. Rare species gave evidence of poor reproductive performance compared with their performance when common in nearby forests. Patterns of relative species abundance in the dry forest are compared with patterns in other forests, and are explained by a simple stochastic model based on random-walk immigration and extinction set in motion by periodic community disturbance.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbb
                Brazilian Journal of Botany
                Braz. J. Bot.
                Sociedade Botânica de São Paulo (São Paulo )
                1806-9959
                September 2005
                : 28
                : 3
                : 515-522
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                Article
                S0100-84042005000300009
                10.1590/S0100-84042005000300009
                850299b9-9d80-4ead-beac-009b8054f3e7

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-8404&lng=en
                Categories
                PLANT SCIENCES

                Plant science & Botany
                Atlantic forest,exclusion experiment,Janzen-Connell model,seed predation,Virola bicuhyba,floresta atlântica,modelo de Janzen-Connell,parcelas de exclusão,predação de sementes

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