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      Characteristics and risk factorsof gambling disorder as basisfor responsible gambling strategies Translated title: Characteristics and risk factorsof gambling disorder as basisfor responsible gambling strategies

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          Abstract

          Abstract. Aims: To provide an overview of characteristics and risk factors of gambling disorder (GD) in order to systematically identify corresponding targets for responsible gambling strategies. Methods: We conducted a literature review on the concept and characteristics of GD and on the correlates and risk factors for GD. Results and conclusions: GD is characterized by low prevalence rates, but detrimental individual and public health consequences. Responsible gambling strategies therefore need to provide transparent and safe gambling for the majority of gamblers and strategies for early identification, intervention, and harm reduction for the minority of individuals at risk for GD. As individuals at risk for GD are characterized by multiple correlates and risk factors, a multifaceted array of strategies is required. Individual and environmental risk factors provide an important basis for responsible gambling strategies, for instance, which specific high-risk groups (e. g., youth) or gambling behaviours (e. g., high gambling intensity) need to be targeted. As there is no evidence for risk-free gambling, all land-based and online gambling segments should be regulated and controlled within a common framework. Within this process, scientists, practitioners, and stakeholders need to collaborate and translational efforts are required.

          Charakteristika und Risikofaktoren der Störung durch Glücksspielen als Grundlage für Strategien zum verantwortungsvollen Glücksspielen

          Zusammenfassung. Ziele: Es soll ein Überblick über Charakteristika und Risikofaktoren der Störung durch Glücksspielen (GD: gambling disorder) gegeben werden um daraus systematisch entsprechende Ansatzpunkte für Strategien für verantwortungsvolles Glücksspielen abzuleiten. Methoden: Es wurde ein Literaturüberblick über die Konzepte und Charakteristika sowie über Korrelate und Risikofaktoren von GD erstellt. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen: GD ist charakterisiert durch geringe Prävalenzraten, jedoch auch durch verheerende individuelle und gesellschaftliche Konsequenzen. Strategien für verantwortungsvolles Glücksspielen sollten daher einerseits transparente und sichere Glücksspielmöglichkeiten für den Großteil der Bevölkerung bereitstellen und andererseits die Früherkennung, Intervention und Schadensminimierung bei Personen sicherstellen, die ein erhöhtes Risiko für GD haben. Da multiple Korrelate und Risikofaktoren mit GD zusammenhängen, sind auch vielfältige Strategien notwendig. Individuelle und umweltbedingte Risikofaktoren stellen dabei eine wichtige Basis für Strategien für verantwortungsvolles Glücksspielen dar, beispielsweise bezüglich spezifischer Risikogruppen (z. B. Jugendliche) und riskanten Spielverhaltens (z. B. hohe Spielintensität), die es zu adressieren gilt. Da es keine Evidenz für risikofreie Glücksspiele gibt, sollten alle terrestrischen und Online-Glücksspielsegmente in einem einheitlichen Rahmen reguliert werden. In diesem Prozess sollten Wissenschaftler, Praktiker und Interessenvertreter in einem translationalen Ansatz zusammenarbeiten.

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          Most cited references82

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          Introduction to behavioral addictions.

          Several behaviors, besides psychoactive substance ingestion, produce short-term reward that may engender persistent behavior, despite knowledge of adverse consequences, i.e., diminished control over the behavior. These disorders have historically been conceptualized in several ways. One view posits these disorders as lying along an impulsive-compulsive spectrum, with some classified as impulse control disorders. An alternate, but not mutually exclusive, conceptualization considers the disorders as non-substance or "behavioral" addictions. Inform the discussion on the relationship between psychoactive substance and behavioral addictions. We review data illustrating similarities and differences between impulse control disorders or behavioral addictions and substance addictions. This topic is particularly relevant to the optimal classification of these disorders in the forthcoming fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). Growing evidence suggests that behavioral addictions resemble substance addictions in many domains, including natural history, phenomenology, tolerance, comorbidity, overlapping genetic contribution, neurobiological mechanisms, and response to treatment, supporting the DSM-V Task Force proposed new category of Addiction and Related Disorders encompassing both substance use disorders and non-substance addictions. Current data suggest that this combined category may be appropriate for pathological gambling and a few other better studied behavioral addictions, e.g., Internet addiction. There is currently insufficient data to justify any classification of other proposed behavioral addictions. Proper categorization of behavioral addictions or impulse control disorders has substantial implications for the development of improved prevention and treatment strategies.
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            Coming to terms with the terms of risk.

            Terms such as risk, risk factors, and especially the term cause are inconsistently and imprecisely used, fostering scientific miscommunication and misleading research and policy. Clarifying such terms is the essential first step. We define risk and a risk factor (protective factor) and their potency, set out the conceptual basis of the methods by which risk factors are identified and potency demonstrated, and propose criteria for establishing the status of a risk factor as a fixed or variable marker or a causal risk factor. All definitions are based on the state of scientific knowledge (empirical documentation), rather than on hypotheses, speculations, or beliefs. We discuss common approaches and pitfalls and give a psychiatric research example. Imprecise reports can impede the search for understanding the cause and course of any disease and also may be a basis of inadequate clinical or policy decision-making. The issues in risk research are much too important to tolerate less than precise terminology or the less than rigorous research reporting that results from imprecise and inconsistent terminology.
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              Gambling disorders

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                suc
                SUCHT
                Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis
                Hogrefe AG, Bern
                0939-5911
                1664-2856
                January 04, 2018
                January 04, 2018
                : 64
                Issue : 5–6 Issue title : Verantwortungsbewusste Glücksspielangebote und Glücksspielnutzung: Herausforderungen und Konzepte, realistisches Ziel oder Utopie? Issue title : Responsible Gambling: challenges and concepts, vision or fiction?
                : 247-256
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
                [ 2 ]Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [ 3 ]Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                Author notes
                Dr. Anja Kräplin, Work group Addictive Behaviors, Risk Analysis and Risk Management, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Straße 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany, E-mail anja.kraeplin@ 123456tu-dresden.de
                Article
                suc_64_5–6_247
                10.1024/0939-5911/a000559
                851277ce-2384-4ec6-9d88-74db2ddff604
                Copyright @ 2018
                History
                : May 3, 2018
                : September 19, 2018
                Categories
                Review

                Medicine,Psychology,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                risk factors,Gambling disorder,Störung durch Glücksspielen,Pathologisches Spielen,problematisches Glücksspielen,Risikofaktoren,riskantes Glücksspielen,verantwortungsvolles Glücksspielen,pathological gambling,problem gambling,risky gambling behaviour,responsible gambling

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