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      The epidemiology of schizophrenia and other common mental health disorders in the English-speaking Caribbean Translated title: La distribución epidemiológica de la esquizofrenia y de otros trastornos mentales comunes en el Caribe angloparlante

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To report on the epidemiology of schizophrenia and other common mental health disorders in the English-speaking Caribbean. METHODS: The MEDLINE, MEDCARIB and West Indiana electronic databases were searched with the phrases Caribbean AND psychiatry OR mental OR suicide, and items with specific reference to epidemiology were culled and reviewed. RESULTS: The age-corrected incidence rate for schizophrenia per 10 000 is 2.09 in Jamaica, 2.2 per 1000 in Trinidad, and 2.92 in Barbados. These rates are lower than the incidence rates reported for white British people, and significantly lower that the 6- to 18-fold higher risk ratio incidence reported for African Caribbeans living in Britain. A comparative diagnostic study carried out in the United Kingdom (UK) suggests that misdiagnosis plays a significant role in this difference. Relatively low incidence figures for affective disorders, anxiety states, suicide and attempted suicide have been reported for Jamaica, Trinidad, and Barbados. DISCUSSION: Most published epidemiological studies of Caribbean populations center on schizophrenia, because of the startling findings of a large increase in risk ratios for African Caribbean people living in England compared to the white native British people. The etiological evidence is shifting toward factors of racism and social alienation experienced by black people in the UK, and to misdiagnosis by white British psychiatrists. Studies of the role of colonial enslavement and social engineering raise the etiological possibility of a role for social and structural community organization in the genesis of schizophrenia. The Caribbean thus represents a rich crucible for research in the epidemiology and etiology of mental health disorders.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVOS: Informar acerca de la epidemiología de trastornos mentales comunes en el Caribe angloparlante. MÉTODOS: Se rastrearon las bases de datos electrónicas de MEDLINE, MEDCARIB y West Indiana usando las palabras Caribbean más psychiatry, o mental, o suicide y se eligieron y revisaron los materiales que proporcionaban datos epidemiológicos. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de la esquizofrenia por cada 10 000 habitantes, ajustada según la edad, es de 2,09 en Jamaica y de 2,92 en Barbados. En Trinidad, la incidencia del trastorno es de 2,2 por cada 1 000 habitantes. Estas tasas son menores que las notificadas en ingleses de raza blanca y más bajas, en grado estadísticamente significativo, que las tasas observadas en afrocaribeños residentes de Inglaterra, en quienes el riesgo de padecer esquizofrenia es de 16 a 18 veces mayor. Un estudio diagnóstico comparativo llevado a cabo en el Reino Unido apunta a que los errores de diagnóstico explican esta diferencia en gran medida. Tasas de incidencia relativamente bajas de trastornos afectivos, estados de ansiedad, suicidio e intento de suicidio se han notificado en Jamaica, Trinidad y Barbados. DISCUSIÓN: La mayoría de los estudios epidemiológicos publicados sobre poblaciones caribeñas se concentran en la esquizofrenia debido al elevado riesgo de padecer este trastorno que se observa en afrocaribeños residentes de Inglaterra, por comparación con los ingleses de raza blanca. Hay cada vez más indicios de que la causa radica en el racismo y en la marginación social que sufre la población negra radicada en el Reino Unido, y en los diagnósticos equivocados emitidos por psiquiatras blancos. Los estudios sobre el papel de la esclavitud y la ingeniería social en las colonias llaman la atención a la posibilidad etiológica de que la organización social y estructural de la comunidad desempeñe un papel en el origen de la esquizofrenia. Por consiguiente, el Caribe representa un estupendo crisol para la investigación de la distribución epidemiológica y las causas de los trastornos mentales.

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          A prospective study of severe mental disorder in Afro-Caribbean patients.

          Several previous studies have reported increased rates of schizophrenia among Afro-Caribbean immigrants, although doubt has been cast upon the value of case-note diagnoses and retrospective case-finding. A prospective study was therefore undertaken, including all patients of Afro-Caribbean ethnic origin with a first onset psychosis presenting to the psychiatric services from a defined catchment area. Utilizing several diagnostic classifications, rates for schizophrenia were found to be substantially increased in the Afro-Caribbean community, and especially in the 'second generation' British born. Mode of onset and symptom profiles of psychoses suggest that atypical syndromes, and by implication 'misdiagnoses', do not account for reported higher rates of schizophrenic illness in these patients.
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            Incidence of psychotic illness in London: comparison of ethnic groups.

            To compare annual incidences of psychosis in people from different ethnic groups as defined in the 1991 census. Catchment area of district psychiatric hospital. All people aged 16 to 54 years who made contact with a wide range of community and hospital services between 1 July 1991 and 30 June 1992 were screened for psychotic symptoms. Patients with such symptoms were interviewed face to face to collect information on demography, ethnic group, psychiatric history and symptoms, drug use, and how care had been sought. A key informant, usually a close relative, was also interviewed. Age standardised incidence of schizophrenia and non-affective psychosis according to the ninth edition of the International Classification of Diseases in each ethnic group. Ninety three patients took part, of whom 38 were assigned a certain or very likely diagnosis of schizophrenia (15 in white population, 14 in black, seven in Asian, and two in others). The age standardised annual incidence of schizophrenia was 2.2 (95% confidence interval 1.5 to 2.9) per 10,000 of the population. The incidence ratio for schizophrenia in all ethnic minority groups compared with the white population was 3.6 (1.9 to 7.1); the corresponding figure for non-affective psychosis was 3.7 (2.2 to 6.2). Raised incidences of schizophrenia were not specific to the African Caribbeans, which suggests that the current focus on schizophrenia in this population is misleading. Members of all ethnic minority groups were more likely to develop a psychosis but not necessarily schizophrenia. The personal and social pressures of belonging to any ethnic minority group in Britain are important determinants in the excess of psychotic disorders found.
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              Understanding the excess of psychosis among the African-Caribbean population in England

              Increased rates of schizophrenia continue to be reported among the African–Caribbean population in England. To evaluate the competing biological, psychological and social explanations that have been proposed. Literature review. The African–Caribbean population in England is at increased risk of both schizophrenia and mania; the higher rates remain when operational diagnostic criteria are used. The excess of the two psychotic disorders are probably linked: African–Caribbean patients with schizophrenia show more affective symptoms, and a more relapsing course with greater social disruption but fewer chronic negative symptoms, than White patients. No simple hypothesis explains these findings. More complex hypotheses are needed. One such links cultural variation in symptom reporting, the use of phenomenological constructs by psychiatrists and social disadvantage.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Washington, Washington, United States )
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                November 2005
                : 18
                : 4-5
                : 256-262
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversity of the West Indies orgdiv1Faculty of Medical Sciences orgdiv2Department of Community Health and Psychiatry
                Article
                S1020-49892005000900005 S1020-4989(05)01800405
                10.1590/s1020-49892005000900005
                8534f1ce-e7ce-40e3-94de-17742aa9db42

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 September 2004
                : 06 July 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Articles

                English-speaking Caribbean,mental health disorders,salud mental,Epidemiología,Caribe,Epidemiology

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