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      Long-term Follow-Up and Regeneration of Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) after Tears of the Epithelium in Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Translated title: Langzeit Follow-up und Regeneration des retinalen Pigmentepithels (RPE) nach Rupturen des retinalen Pigmentepithels bei exsudativer altersbedingter Makuladegeneration (AMD)

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          Abstract

          Background The goals of this study are to evaluate potential long-term visual deterioration associated with retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) tears in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and to find treatment-related and morphological factors that might influence the outcomes.

          Patients and Methods This retrospective study enrolled 21 eyes of 21 patients from the database of Vista Eye Clinic Binningen, Switzerland, diagnosed with RPE tears, as confirmed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. Treatment history before and after RPE rupture with anti-VEGF therapy, visual acuity, and imaging (SD-OCT) were analyzed and statistically evaluated for possible correlations.

          Results Mean patient age was 80.5 ± 6.2 years. The mean length of total follow-up was 39.7 ± 13.9 months. The mean pigment epithelial detachment (PED) height increased by 363.8 ± 355.5 µm from the first consultation to 562.8 ± 251.5 µm at the last consultation prior to rupture. Therefore, a higher risk of RPE rupture is implied as a result of an increase in PED height (p = 0.004, n = 14). The mean visual acuity before rupture was 66.2 ± 16.0 letters. Mean visual acuity deteriorated to 60.8 ± 18.6 letters at the first consultation after rupture (p = 0.052, n = 21). A statistically nonsignificant decrease in vision was noted in the follow-up period. After 2 years, the mean BCVA decreased by 10.5 ± 23.7 ETDRS letters (p = 0.23, n = 19). PED characteristics before rupture and amount of anti-VEGF injections after rupture did not affect the visual outcome. None of the 21 patients included in our study showed a visual improvement in the long-term follow-up. RPE atrophy increased significantly from 3.35 ± 2.94 mm 2 (baseline) to 6.81 ± 6.25 mm 2 over the course of 2 years (p = 0.000 013, n = 20).

          Conclusions The overall mean vision decrease after rupture was without statistical significance. There was no significant change in BCVA at the 2-year follow-up, independent of the amount of anti-VEGF injections provided. In this study, there was a significant increase in RPE defect over a follow-up of 2 years, implying progression of contraction of RPE and/or macular atrophy.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund Ziel der Studie war es, die langfristige Sehverschlechterung bei Rupturen des retinalen Pigmentepithels (RPE) bei Patienten mit exsudativer altersbedingter Makuladegeneration (AMD) zu untersuchen und behandlungsbedingte und morphologische Faktoren zu ermitteln, die die Visusprognose beeinflussen können.

          Patienten und Methoden In diese retrospektive Studie wurden 21 Augen von 21 Patienten aus der Datenbank der Vista Augenklinik Binningen, Schweiz, aufgenommen, bei denen mittels optischer Kohärenztomografie (SD-OCT) eine Ruptur des RPE diagnostiziert wurde und eine Follow-up-Periode von mindestens 12 Monaten bestand. Der Behandlungsverlauf vor und nach der RPE-Ruptur mit Anti-VEGF-Injektionen, die Sehschärfe und bildgebende Verfahren (SD-OCT) wurden analysiert und auf mögliche Korrelationen untersucht.

          Ergebnisse Das Durchschnittsalter der Patienten betrug 80,5 ± 6,2 Jahre. Die durchschnittliche Dauer der Nachbeobachtung betrug 39,7 ± 13,9 Monate. Die mittlere Zunahme der PED-Höhe lag bei 363,8 ± 355,5 µm von der ersten Konsultation auf 562,8 ± 251,5 µm bei der letzten Konsultation vor dem Auftreten der Ruptur. Entsprechend kann ein höheres Risiko einer RPE-Ruptur als Folge einer Zunahme der PED-Höhe mit statistischer Signifikanz nachgewiesen werden (p = 0,004, n = 14). Die mittlere Sehschärfe vor der Ruptur lag bei 66,2 ± 16,0 ETDRS-Letters. Eine Verschlechterung bei der ersten Konsultation nach der Ruptur auf 60,8 ± 18,6 ETDRS-Letters konnte gemessen werden (p = 0,052, n = 21). In der Nachbeobachtungszeit konnte eine weitere statistisch nicht signifikante Abnahme der Sehkraft festgestellt werden. Innerhalb von 2 Jahren nahm der mittlere korrigierte Visus um 10,5 ± 23,7 ETDRS-Letters ab (p = 0,23, n = 19). Die Charakteristika der PED vor der Ruptur und die Menge der nach der Ruptur verabreichten Anti-VEGF-Injektionen hatten keinen Einfluss auf die Visusprognose. Keiner der 21 Patienten, die in unsere Studie aufgenommen wurden, zeigte in der langfristigen Nachbeobachtung eine Sehverbesserung. Die RPE-Atrophie vergrößerte sich jedoch statistisch signifikant von 3,35 ± 2,94 mm 2 (Baseline) auf 6,81 ± 6,25 mm 2 im Laufe von 2 Jahren (p = 0,000 013, n = 20).

          Schlussfolgerungen Der Mittelwert des Sehvermögens nahm nach der Ruptur ab. Auch in der Nachbeobachtungszeit bis zu 2 Jahren konnte ein weiterer nicht signifikanter Trend zur Abnahme des mittleren korrigierten Visus festgestellt werden, unabhängig von der Anzahl der verabreichten Anti-VEGF-Injektionen. In unserer Studie wurde ein signifikanter Anstieg des RPE-Defekts über einen Nachbeobachtungszeitraum von 2 Jahren festgestellt, was auf eine fortschreitende Kontraktion des RPE und/oder eine Makulaatrophie schließen lässt.

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          Most cited references31

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          Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

          (2020)
          Summary Background Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error. Methods We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation) by cause, age, region, and year. Because of data sparsity at younger ages, our analysis focused on adults aged 50 years and older. Findings Global crude prevalence of avoidable vision impairment and blindness in adults aged 50 years and older did not change between 2010 and 2019 (percentage change −0·2% [95% UI −1·5 to 1·0]; 2019 prevalence 9·58 cases per 1000 people [95% IU 8·51 to 10·8], 2010 prevalence 96·0 cases per 1000 people [86·0 to 107·0]). Age-standardised prevalence of avoidable blindness decreased by −15·4% [–16·8 to −14·3], while avoidable MSVI showed no change (0·5% [–0·8 to 1·6]). However, the number of cases increased for both avoidable blindness (10·8% [8·9 to 12·4]) and MSVI (31·5% [30·0 to 33·1]). The leading global causes of blindness in those aged 50 years and older in 2020 were cataract (15·2 million cases [9% IU 12·7–18·0]), followed by glaucoma (3·6 million cases [2·8–4·4]), undercorrected refractive error (2·3 million cases [1·8–2·8]), age-related macular degeneration (1·8 million cases [1·3–2·4]), and diabetic retinopathy (0·86 million cases [0·59–1·23]). Leading causes of MSVI were undercorrected refractive error (86·1 million cases [74·2–101·0]) and cataract (78·8 million cases [67·2–91·4]). Interpretation Results suggest eye care services contributed to the observed reduction of age-standardised rates of avoidable blindness but not of MSVI, and that the target in an ageing global population was not reached. Funding Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Théa, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg.
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            Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of retinal pigment epithelial detachment in age-related macular degeneration.

            R S Spaide (2009)
            To describe the internal structure of pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) seen in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) as imaged with enhanced depth imaging (EDI) spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Retrospective observational case series. The images were obtained by positioning a spectral-domain OCT device close enough to the eye to obtain an inverted image and 7 sections, each comprised of 100 averaged scans, were obtained within a 5 degrees x 15 degrees or larger rectangle to encompass the PED and accompanying neovascularization if present. The resultant images were reinverted and compared with fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographic findings. The full extent of the choroid was visualized under the PED in each of the 22 consecutive eyes imaged with EDI OCT. The entire PED cavity filled with hyperreflective tissue in 11 eyes. In the remaining 11 regions, what appeared to be serous fluid and collections of reflective material were found within the PED. The reflective material was seen to be contiguous with subretinal pigment epithelial neovascularization, had angiographic suggestive of fibrovascular proliferation, and was seen to course up along the back surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Intravitreal ranibizumab injection caused PED flattening with apparent contracture of the accumulated material within the PED. PEDs in the context of AMD show material suggestive of choroidal neovascularization, frequently on the back surface of the RPE. These findings can help explain the pathogenesis of PEDs, retinal vascular anastomosis with choroidal neovascularization, and RPE tears.
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              Tears of detached retinal pigment epithelium.

              Ripping of detached pigment epithelium appears to be a common sight-threatening complication of pigment epithelial detachments and occurs at the junction of the detachment and flat pigment epithelium. The characteristics of the detachment prior to the rip suggest that the tear occurs in pigment epithelium which is detached without its basement membrane. The tear is followed by retraction of the pigment epithelium, revealing bare Bruch's membrane. The defect may remain apparently unaltered, or may be recovered by normal looking pigment epithelium, but most commonly is replaced by a fibrous plaque. Most patients had a profound reduction in visual acuity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Klin Monbl Augenheilkd
                Klin Monbl Augenheilkd
                10.1055/s-00000031
                Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde
                Georg Thieme Verlag KG (Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany )
                0023-2165
                1439-3999
                14 March 2024
                April 2024
                1 March 2024
                : 241
                : 4
                : 453-458
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Vista Eye Clinic, Binningen, Switzerland
                [2 ]University of Basel, Faculty of Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
                Author notes
                Correspondence Nicolas Skalicky Vista Eye Clinic Hauptstrasse 554102 BinningenSwitzerland+ 41 (0) 6 14 26 60 00+ 41 (0) 6 14 26 60 01 nicolas.skalicky@ 123456vista.ch
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9476-2628
                Article
                KliMoSOG-2023-10-0368-KS
                10.1055/a-2248-9986
                11038832
                38484787
                85381174-bd17-410a-9fb0-4482060966b3
                The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 24 October 2023
                : 21 December 2023
                Categories
                Klinische Studie

                retinal pigment epithelial tears,regeneration of retinal pigment epithelial tears,risk factors for retinal pigment epithelial tears,prognostic factors in retinal pigment epithelial tears,rupturen des retinalen pigmentepithels,regeneration des retinalen pigmentepithels,risikofaktoren für rupturen des retinalen pigmentepithels,prognostische faktoren nach rupturen des retinalen pigmentepithels

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