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      Why did my car just do that? Explaining semi-autonomous driving actions to improve driver understanding, trust, and performance

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          The 'problem' with automation: inappropriate feedback and interaction, not 'over-automation'.

          D A Norman (1990)
          As automation increasingly takes its place in industry, especially high risk industry, it is often blamed for causing harm and increasing the chance of human error when failures do occur. I propose that the problem is not the presence of automation, but rather its inappropriate design. The problem is that the operations under normal operating conditions are performed appropriately, but there is inadequate feedback and interaction with the humans who must control the overall conduct of the task. When the situations exceed the capabilities of the automatic equipment, then the inadequate feedback leads to difficulties for the human controllers. The problem, I suggest, is that the automation is at an intermediate level of intelligence, powerful enough to take over control that used to be done by people, but not powerful enough to handle all abnormalities. Moreover, its level of intelligence is insufficient to provide the continual, appropriate feedback that occurs naturally among human operators. This is the source of the current difficulties. To solve this problem, the automation should either be made less intelligent or more so, but the current level is quite inappropriate. The overall message is that it is possible to reduce error through appropriate design considerations. Appropriate design should assume the existence of error, it should continually provide feedback, it should continually interact with operators in an effective manner, and it should allow for the worst situations possible. What is needed is a soft, compliant technology, not a rigid, formal one.
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            Vehicle automation and driving performance

            M. S. Young, N. A. STANTON (1998)
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              The ironies of vehicle feedback in car design.

              Neville A Stanton, Mark S. Young, Guy H Walker (2006)
              Car drivers show an acute sensitivity towards vehicle feedback, with most normal drivers able to detect 'the difference in vehicle feel of a medium-size saloon car with and without a fairly heavy passenger in the rear seat' (Joy and Hartley 1953-54). The irony is that this level of sensitivity stands in contrast to the significant changes in vehicle 'feel' accompanying modern trends in automotive design, such as drive-by-wire and increased automation. The aim of this paper is to move the debate from the anecdotal to the scientific level. This is achieved by using the Brunel University driving simulator to replicate some of these trends and changes by presenting (or removing) different forms of non-visual vehicle feedback, and measuring resultant driver situational awareness (SA) using a probe-recall method. The findings confirm that vehicle feedback plays a key role in coupling the driver to the dynamics of their environment (Moray 2004), with the role of auditory feedback particularly prominent. As a contrast, drivers in the study also rated their self-perceived levels of SA and a concerning dissociation occurred between the two sets of results. Despite the large changes in vehicle feedback presented in the simulator, and the measured changes in SA, drivers appeared to have little self-awareness of these changes. Most worryingly, drivers demonstrated little awareness of diminished SA. The issues surrounding vehicle feedback are therefore similar to the classic problems and ironies studied in aviation and automation, and highlight the role that ergonomics can also play within the domain of contemporary vehicle design.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM)
                Abbreviated Title: Int J Interact Des Manuf
                Publisher: Springer Nature
                ISSN (Print): 1955-2513
                ISSN (Electronic): 1955-2505
                Publication date Created: November 2015
                Publication date (Print): April 2014
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 269-275
                Article
                DOI: 10.1007/s12008-014-0227-2
                SO-VID: 854a550e-97c2-4557-8ce9-cee5415297e0
                Copyright © © 2015
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