Interface engineering of a hole-transport layer/perovskite with low-band-gap 2D-carbon nitrides for solar cell fabrication

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Abstract

Carbon nitride-based 2D materials, such as C ₃N ₃and C ₃N ₅, and their role as an interlayer in perovskite solar cells to stabilize NiO xhole selectivity are investigated.

Abstract

Interfacial engineering can effectively improve the performance of solar cells by suppressing non-radiative recombination. The inherited ionic and hydrophilic nature of most semiconducting materials used for the hole-transport layer in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) makes them susceptible to moisture. This is one of the factors that compromises the long-term durability of PSCs. In this contribution, we report the synthesis and characterization of polymeric carbon nitride-based 2D materials with the composition C ₃N _x(where x= 3 or 5) and their placement as an interfacial layer between the hole-selective and perovskite layer in inverted PSCs. This interfacial engineering with 2D polymeric materials could suppress the redox reaction between Ni ³⁺in NiO _xand organic cations present in perovskites to improve the stability. Such an interlayer could suppress the interfacial charge accumulation at the grain boundaries of perovskites and lower the non-radiative recombination, leading to a higher shunt resistance and amplified fill factor.

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Photovoltaics. Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells.

Huanping Zhou, Qi Chen, Gang Li … (2014)

Advancing perovskite solar cell technologies toward their theoretical power conversion efficiency (PCE) requires delicate control over the carrier dynamics throughout the entire device. By controlling the formation of the perovskite layer and careful choices of other materials, we suppressed carrier recombination in the absorber, facilitated carrier injection into the carrier transport layers, and maintained good carrier extraction at the electrodes. When measured via reverse bias scan, cell PCE is typically boosted to 16.6% on average, with the highest efficiency of ~19.3% in a planar geometry without antireflective coating. The fabrication of our perovskite solar cells was conducted in air and from solution at low temperatures, which should simplify manufacturing of large-area perovskite devices that are inexpensive and perform at high levels. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

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Perovskite solar cells with CuSCN hole extraction layers yield stabilized efficiencies greater than 20%

Michael Grätzel, Neha Arora, M Ibrahim Dar … (2017)

Perovskite solar cells (PSC) with efficiencies >20% have only been realized with highly expensive organic hole-transporting materials. We demonstrate PSCs achieving stabilized efficiencies exceeding 20% with CuSCN as hole extraction layer using fast solvent removal method to create compact, highly conformal CuSCN layers that facilitate fast carrier extraction and collection. The PSCs showed high thermal stability under long term heating, however, their operational stability was poor. This instability originates from potential induced degradation of the CuSCN/Au contact. The addition of a conductive reduced graphene oxide spacer layer between CuSCN and gold allowed PSCs to retain >95% of their initial efficiency after aging at a maximum power point for 1000 hours at 60 Celsius. Importantly, under both continuous full-sun illumination and thermal stress, CuSCN based devices surpassed the stability of spiro-OMeTAD based PSCs.