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      Mortalidad materna en la Maternidad “Concepción Palacios”: 1982-1991

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Investigar las muertes maternas para conocer la tasa de mortalidad, causas y factores relacionados, con la finalidad de proponer estrategias y afrontar este grave problema. Ambiente: Maternidad “Concepción Palacios”, Caracas. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y analítico de las muertes maternas que ocurrieron entre los años 1982 - 1991. Resultados: Se registraron 423 muertes maternas. La tasa de mortalidad materna promedio de los 10 años fue de 162,2 por 100 000 nacidos vivos. Predominaron las muertes de causa directa representada por sepsis (48,1 %) principalmente posaborto, hipertensión inducida por el embarazo (28,3 %) y hemorragia (17,4 %). Las principales causas indirectas fueron infecciones (28 %), patología cardiovascular (25 %) y pulmonar (15 %). Asistieron al control prenatal 20,1 %, procedían del Distrito Federal 58,1 % y del Estado Miranda 36,7 %; fueron referidas de otros hospitales 52,7 % de las pacientes y la edad materna que prevaleció fue entre 25-29 años (26 %). El grupo de V o más gestas predominaron (31 %), la forma de terminación del embarazo más frecuente fue parto vaginal (34,5 %), seguido por aborto (27,9 %) y luego cesárea (26,2 %), el intervalo entre admisión y muerte fue mayor de 48 horas en el 59,5 % de los casos y 40,4 % permaneció menos de 2 días de hospitalización. Se realizó autopsia a 286 pacientes que representan el 67,6 %. Conclusión: La Maternidad “Concepción Palacios” tiene altas tasas de mortalidad materna prevenible. Debemos hacer esfuerzos para mejorar la capacidad y calidad de la atención obstétrica.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: Investigate the maternal death to know mortality average rate, causes and related factors, to propose strategy and confront this important problem in Concepcion Palacios Maternity, Caracas. Setting: Maternidad “Concepción Palacios”, Caracas. Method: Retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study of maternal death occurred during the ages 1982 - 1991. Results: We found 423 maternal deaths. The maternal mortality rate was 162.2 per 100 000 live births in 10 ages. The leading direct causes was sepsis (48,1 %) principally after abortion, pregnancy induced hypertension (28.3 %) and hemorrhage (17,4 %). The main indirect causes were: infections (28 %), cardiovascular (25 %) and pulmonary (15 %) complications. 20.1 % received prenatal care, 58.1 % and 36.7 % arriving from Federal District and Miranda respectively; 52.7 % of cases was referral from others hospitals and the age maternal predominant was 25-29 ages (26 %). Prevailed the group V or more pregnancies (31 %), death in state postdelivery (34.5 %) and post abortion (27.9 %), the interval between admission and death of more de 48 hours (59.5 %) and less than 2 days of hospitalizations (40.4 %). Autopsy was performed in 286 cases (67.6 %). Conclusions: Our maternity have high rate of maternal mortality avoidable. We must make an effort to improve the capacity and the quality of obstetric attention.

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          Most cited references58

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          Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud

          (1995)
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            Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1987-1990.

            To use data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Pregnancy-Related Mortality Surveillance System to examine trends in pregnancy-related mortality and risk factors for pregnancy-related death. In collaboration with ACOG and state health departments, the Pregnancy-Related Mortality Surveillance System has collected information on all deaths caused by pregnancy since 1979. Multiple data sources were used, including national death files, state health departments, maternal mortality review committees, individuals, and the media. As part of the initiation of the Pregnancy-Related Mortality Surveillance System in 1987, CDC staff contacted state health department personnel and encouraged them to identify and report pregnancy-related deaths. Data were reviewed and coded by experienced clinicians. Pregnancy-related mortality ratios (pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births) were calculated. After decreasing annually after 1979, the reported pregnancy-related mortality ratio increased from 7.2 in 1987 to 10.0 in 1990. This increase occurred among women of all races. A higher risk of pregnancy-related death was found with increasing maternal age, increasing live-birth order, no prenatal care, and among unmarried women. The leading causes of pregnancy-related death were hemorrhage, embolism, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. During the periods 1979-1986 and 1987-1990, the cause-specific pregnancy-related mortality ratios decreased for deaths due to hemorrhage and anesthesia, whereas pregnancy-related mortality ratios due to cardiomyopathy and infection increased. The leading causes of death varied according to the outcome of the pregnancy. Increased efforts to identify pregnancy-related deaths have contributed to an increase in the reported pregnancy-related mortality ratio. More than half of such deaths, however, are probably still unreported. Adequate surveillance of pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity is necessary for interpreting trends, identifying high-risk groups, and developing effective interventions.
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              Maternal mortality

              J Moodley (2011)
              Issues surrounding maternal mortality have recently been widely published in both the lay media and the health fraternity literature. Possible reasons for this are that there are only five years remaining until the 2015 deadline to have achieved the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The general impression among health professionals is that there has been slow progress in achieving MDG 5 (maternal health), which targets a three-quarters reduction in maternal deaths from 1990–2015. There have, however, been two recent publications, which are reflective of slow but significant progress in the reduction of maternal mortality in both high- and low-income countries.1,2 Last year, Hogan et al., using sophisticated mathematical models, estimated a total of 342 900 maternal deaths for 2008 in 181 countries, and a 1.8% rate of annual decline in mortality between 1990 and 2008. The authors showed a decline in maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) in both high- and low-income countries, except for some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.1 In the latter part of 2010, the World Health Organisation, the United Nations Population Fund, the United Nations Children’s Fund and the World Bank issued the latest estimates on global MMRs. According to these estimates presented for 171 countries, approximately 358 000 deaths occurred worldwide in 2008.2 The global maternal mortality ratio fell by 34%, with the biggest reductions occurring in eastern Asia and northern Africa (63 and 59%, respectively). It should be noted however, that the levels and trends varied widely within regions. Although there was a decline in some African countries, South Africa, Botswana, Swaziland, Kenya and Zimbabwe were estimated to have increased MMRs. The possible reason for the lack of reduction or increase in MMRs in these countries is probably the impact of HIV/AIDS. Overall, it was estimated that in 2008 there were 42 000 deaths among pregnant women due to HIV/AIDS.2 In South Africa, the Saving Mothers report 2005–2007 indicated that non-pregnancy infections (mainly HIV/AIDS) are the commonest causes of maternal mortality.3 The other major causes of maternal deaths in South Africa are shown in Table 1. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are the commonest direct causes of maternal mortality. Poorly controlled pre-eclampsia (both in the intra- and postpartum periods) are common avoidable factors. Table 1. Primary Obstetric Causes Of Maternal Deaths 2005–2007 Primary Obstetric Cause N % Direct 1819 45.9 Hypertension 622 15.7 Postpartum haemorrhage 383 9.7 Antepartum haemorrhage 108 2.7 Ectopic pregnancy 55 1.4 Abortion 136 3.4 Pregnancy-related sepsis 223 5.6 Anaesthetic related 107 2.7 Embolism 57 1.4 Acute collapse 128 3.2 Indirect 1966 49.7 Non-pregnancy-related infections 1729 43.7 AIDS 915 23.1 Pre-existing maternal disease 237 6.0 Unknown 174 4.4 Coincidental 118 Besides HIV/AIDS, hypertensive disorders and obstetric haemorrhage, which are major causes of maternal deaths, some mothers are diagnosed to have medical conditions such as cardiac disease for the first time only in pregnancy. Detection of cardiac disease, cardiomyopathy, control of hypertension and diabetes, with proper advice on family planning, may help decrease mortality and mortality associated with medical conditions in pregnancy. Maternal mortality is also impacted on by racial disparities. Bryant et al. have shown that African-American mothers have a three- to four-fold higher mortality than other major racial or ethnic groups in the USA, and propose a five-domain framework to identify contributors, namely, behaviour patterns, genetic predisposition, social circumstances, environmental exposures and shortfalls in medical care. They found that social circumstances and medical care were the most important factors.4 Therefore, interventions to reduce maternal mortality must address social determinants of health besides focusing on reducing obstetric haemorrhage by improving care in labour and delivery, reducing venous thrombo-embolism with DVT thrombophylaxis, reducing deaths from cardiac disease with education for earlier recognition, and effective multi-disciplinary care. Access to care, particularly longitudinal care for women with underlying medical conditions, is a critical issue and should become a part of the care provided by all working in the field of cardiovascular medicine.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                og
                Revista de Obstetricia y Ginecología de Venezuela
                Rev Obstet Ginecol Venez
                Sociedad de Obstetricia y Ginecología de Venezuela (Caracas )
                0048-7732
                January 2007
                : 67
                : 1
                : 31-39
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Servicio de Prenatal de la Maternidad Concepción Palacios
                [2 ] Servicio de Investigaciones Científicas de la Maternidad Concepción Palacios
                [3 ] Obstetra y Ginecólogo
                [4 ] Servicio de Estadística y Archivo de la Maternidad Concepción Palacios
                Article
                S0048-77322007000100007
                859fc467-d855-4181-b3fe-d262e64acfe2

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Venezuela

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0048-7732&lng=en
                Categories
                OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

                Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Maternal mortality,Abortion,Pregnancy induced hypertension,Hemorrhage,Mortalidad materna,Aborto,Hipertensión inducida por el embarazo,Hemorragia

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