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      Chemical species of chromatite of an industrial landfill in the León valley, Guanajuato, Mexico Translated title: Especies químicas de cromatita de un relleno industrial en el valle de León, Guanajuato, México

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          Abstract

          Chromium is a commonly identified contaminant in soils and groundwater and is widely used in industries. Disposal of industrial solid wastes can cause health and environmental risks due to the leaching and seepage of Cr(VI) from soil to groundwater. In order to improve remediation strategies and make better predictions about the mobility of contaminants, it is critical to understand the time-dependent metal sorption behavior on soil, as well as the mechanism of the sorption reactions, and the dominant chemical species. This study demonstrates that interfacial reactions (e.g., adsorption, desorption, oxidation or reduction) between chromium and minerals play an important role in the spreading of chromium, and could present preferential pathways for chromium mobility in the subsurface environment. Soil samples were collected in a landfill (source) of chromium wastes and their morphology and predominant chemical species were determined. Column experiments were performed on contaminated silty-clayey sand, using deionized water as eluent. It was found in this study that, after 72 h, more than 80% of sorbed chromium was eluted with deionized water, and the total chromium content in the leachate were higher than the permissible limits for human consumption established by Mexican official norms (0.05 mg/L). The Cr(VI) removal efficiency decreased significantly with time and it was independent of the initial pH, indicating that Cr(VI) was poorly adsorbed. UV-Vis analysis indicated that the oxidation state of chromium was Cr(VI). DRX analysis led to the conclusion that CaCrO4 (chromatite), is the main mineral species of Cr(VI), and is predominant in the range of pH from 7 to 8.5. An important effect is that the sorption presented to the pore scale can have consequences on the regional scale because it can retard the mobility of this pollutant during the dispersion process.

          Translated abstract

          El cromo es usado ampliamente en industrias y es un contaminante identificado en suelos y agua subterránea. La disposición de residuos sólidos industriales con niveles de cromo puede provocar riesgos a la salud y al ambiente debido a la lixiviación e infiltración de Cr(VI) hacia el agua subterránea. Para mejorar las estrategias de remediación y entender la movilidad de los contaminantes en el subsuelo, es de suma importancia conocer el comportamiento de la sorción del metal en el suelo con respecto al tiempo de residencia, así como su mecanismo de sorción y la especie química dominante. Este estudio demuestra que las reacciones interfaciales (p.ej., sorción, desorción, oxidación o reducción) entre el cromo y los minerales juegan un papel importante en el transporte del cromo, y puede presentar trayectorias preferenciales para su movilidad en el subsuelo. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo en el interior de un relleno de residuos de Cr(VI) y se determinó su morfología y la especie química predominante. Se realizaron experimentos en columna sobre arena limo-arcillosa contaminada con Cr(VI) empleando agua deionizada como eluyente. En este estudio se encontró que la cantidad de Cr(VI) eluída con agua deionizada fue superior al 80% en un tiempo de 72 h después del contacto con el suelo contaminado, obteniéndose en los luxiviados valores de cromo total mayores al límite permisible para consumo humano establecido en la Norma Oficial Mexicana (0.05 mg/L). La eficiencia de remoción del Cr(VI) disminuye significativamente con el tiempo, es independiente del pH inicial y está en función de la textura del suelo, indicando que el Cr(VI) fue poco adsorbido. Del análisis UV-Vis se concluye que el estado de oxidación del cromo es Cr(VI), el cual predomina en el intervalo de pH de 7 a 8.5. Los resultados por DRX indican que el cromato de calcio (CaCrO4), cromatita, es la principal especie mineralógica de Cr(VI). Un efecto importante es que la sorción que se presenta a la escala de poro puede tener consecuencias en la escala regional en el área de estudio debido a que puede retardar la movilidad de este contaminante en el proceso de dispersión.

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            Chromium

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              Interaction of bioaccumulation of heavy metal chromium with water relation, mineral nutrition and photosynthesis in developed leaves of Lolium perenne L.

              Contamination by chromium (Cr) is widespread in agricultural soils and industrial sites. This heavy metal represents a risk to human health. In order to gain fundamental insights into the nature of the adaptation to Cr excess, the characterisation of physiological indices, including responses of photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence along with changes in mineral nutrient contents and water status were studied in ray grass (Lolium perenne L.). Increased concentrations of Cr(VI) (0-500 microM Cr) in the Coïc and Lessaint nutrient solution were applied. The growth of Lolium perenne is decreased by chromium and the leaves have lost their pigments. Chromium accumulation was greater in roots than in leaves and reached 2450 and 210 microg g(-1) DW, respectively with 500 microM Cr(VI) in nutrient medium. The physiological parameters were severely reduced by this heavy metal. Cr induced toxicity arising from 100 microM Cr(VI) and resulted in a modification of mineral content in roots and leaves, especially for Ca, Mg and Fe. The chromium stress decreased CO2 assimilation rates mainly due to stomatal closure, which reduced water loss by transpiration without decreasing the cellular available CO2. The fluorescence parameters associated with photosystem II (PSII) activity and the photochemical activity are modified by chromium. Non-radiative energy dissipation mechanisms were triggered during stress since non-photochemical quenching was increased and efficiency of excitation capture by open centers was reduced.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmcg
                Revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas
                Rev. mex. cienc. geol
                Instituto de Geología, UNAM (México, DF, Mexico )
                1026-8774
                2007-2902
                April 2009
                : 26
                : 1
                : 104-116
                Affiliations
                [04] México D. F. orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Instituto de Geofísica orgdiv2Departamento de Recursos Naturales Mexico
                [03] Toluca Estado de México orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de México orgdiv1Facultad de Química Mexico
                [01] San Luis Potosi S.L.P. orgnameInstituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT) orgdiv1División de Geociencias Aplicadas Mexico raymundo.reyes@ 123456ipicyt.edu.mx
                [02] orgnameInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares orgdiv1Departamento de Química, Gerencia de Ciencias Básicas Mexico
                Article
                S1026-87742009000100009 S1026-8774(09)02600100009
                85f6664e-61c7-4abd-b18f-e653e23684fd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 June 2008
                : 22 June 2008
                : 23 July 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 57, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Mexico


                México,valle de León,especies químicas,desorción,Cr(VI),cromatita,contaminación,mobilidad,cromo,Mexico,León valley,chemical species,desorption,chromatite,contamination,mobility,chromium

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