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      Allometric growth and reduced pectoral fin regeneration rate in terrestrialized Polypterus senegalus Translated title: Crecimiento alométrico y disminución de la capacidad de regeneración de la aleta pectoral en Polypterus senegalus terrestrizados

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Background: Polypterus condense unique characteristics that astonished and confused naturalists since 1802 when Geoffroy St. Hilaire first described and named this fish. Polypterus was seen in that epoch as primitive amphibians or a link between fishes and amphibians. Polypteriformes have the ability to regenerate its pectoral fins with the accuracy only seen in urodel amphibians and have the capacity to breathe air using paired lungs. Goals: We aimed to evaluate how forced land-living condition (i.e., terrestrialization) could affect pectoral girdle bones shape and pectoral fin regeneration in Polypterus senegalus. Methods: Polypterus were reared in semi-terrestrial conditions for nine months and iterative amputations of pectoral fins were performed every two months. The bone elements of the shoulder girdle and pectoral fins were measured and compared between terrestrialized organisms and controls. Results: Terrestrialization produces notable morphological alterations, including general reduced body growth and big eyes, serial amputations under this condition decreases the number of radial bones of pectoral fins. Conclusions: We propose allometry and heterochrony as reliable concepts to explain the modifications generated by terrestrialization. Also, we suggest that anatomical alterations in early tetrapod ancestors were an unavoidable consequence of the influence of environment on general metabolic processes associated with growth.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Antecedentes: Polypterus condensa características únicas que sorprendieron y confundieron a los naturalistas desde que Geoffroy St. Hilaire lo describiera y nombrara por primera vez en 1802. En esa época Polypterus fue visto como un anfibio primitivo o como el eslabón entre peces y anfibios. Los Polypteriformes tienen la capacidad de regenerar las aletas pectorales con la precisión que solo se ve en los anfibios urodelos y tienen la capacidad de poder respirar aire utilizando un par de pulmones. Objetivos: Fue evaluar cómo una condición forzada de vida en tierra pudiera afectar a los huesos de la cintura escapular y la regeneración de la aleta pectoral de Polypterus senegalus. Métodos: Los Polypterus fueron mantenidos en condiciones semi-terrestres durante nueve meses y se realizaron amputaciones iterativas de las aletas pectorales cada dos meses. Los elementos óseos de la cintura escapular y aletas pectorales fueron medidos y comparados entre organismos terrestrizados y controles. Resultados: La terrestrización produce alteraciones morfológicas notables, que incluyen reducción del tamaño corporal general y ojos mas grandes, las amputaciones seriales en esta condición provocaron que el número de huesos radiales de las aletas pectorales se redujera. Conclusiones: Proponemos que los conceptos alometría y heterocronía pueden explicar las modificaciones generadas por la terrestrización. Así mismo, sugerimos que las alteraciones anatómicas en los ancestros de los tetrápodos fueron una consecuencia inevitable de la influencia del medio ambiente sobre los procesos metabólicos generales asociados con el crecimiento.

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          Recurrent turnover of senescent cells during regeneration of a complex structure

          Cellular senescence has been recently linked to the promotion of age-related pathologies, including a decline in regenerative capacity. While such capacity deteriorates with age in mammals, it remains intact in species such as salamanders, which have an extensive repertoire of regeneration and can undergo multiple episodes through their lifespan. Here we show that, surprisingly, there is a significant induction of cellular senescence during salamander limb regeneration, but that rapid and effective mechanisms of senescent cell clearance operate in normal and regenerating tissues. Furthermore, the number of senescent cells does not increase upon repetitive amputation or ageing, in contrast to mammals. Finally, we identify the macrophage as a critical player in this efficient senescent cell clearance mechanism. We propose that effective immunosurveillance of senescent cells in salamanders supports their ability to undergo regeneration throughout their lifespan. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05505.001
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            Devonian rise in atmospheric oxygen correlated to the radiations of terrestrial plants and large predatory fish.

            The evolution of Earth's biota is intimately linked to the oxygenation of the oceans and atmosphere. We use the isotopic composition and concentration of molybdenum (Mo) in sedimentary rocks to explore this relationship. Our results indicate two episodes of global ocean oxygenation. The first coincides with the emergence of the Ediacaran fauna, including large, motile bilaterian animals, ca. 550-560 million year ago (Ma), reinforcing previous geochemical indications that Earth surface oxygenation facilitated this radiation. The second, perhaps larger, oxygenation took place around 400 Ma, well after the initial rise of animals and, therefore, suggesting that early metazoans evolved in a relatively low oxygen environment. This later oxygenation correlates with the diversification of vascular plants, which likely contributed to increased oxygenation through the enhanced burial of organic carbon in sediments. It also correlates with a pronounced radiation of large predatory fish, animals with high oxygen demand. We thereby couple the redox history of the atmosphere and oceans to major events in animal evolution.
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              Dinosaur evolution. Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds.

              Recent discoveries have highlighted the dramatic evolutionary transformation of massive, ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs into light, volant birds. Here, we apply Bayesian approaches (originally developed for inferring geographic spread and rates of molecular evolution in viruses) in a different context: to infer size changes and rates of anatomical innovation (across up to 1549 skeletal characters) in fossils. These approaches identify two drivers underlying the dinosaur-bird transition. The theropod lineage directly ancestral to birds undergoes sustained miniaturization across 50 million years and at least 12 consecutive branches (internodes) and evolves skeletal adaptations four times faster than other dinosaurs. The distinct, prolonged phase of miniaturization along the bird stem would have facilitated the evolution of many novelties associated with small body size, such as reorientation of body mass, increased aerial ability, and paedomorphic skulls with reduced snouts but enlarged eyes and brains.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                hbio
                Hidrobiológica
                Hidrobiológica
                UAM, Unidad Iztapalapa (México, DF, Mexico )
                0188-8897
                December 2019
                : 29
                : 3
                : 155-161
                Affiliations
                [1] Tuxpan orgnameUniversidad Veracruzana orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Mexico
                [2] Cuernavaca orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Instituto de Biotecnología Mexico
                Article
                S0188-88972019000300155 S0188-8897(19)02900300155
                10.24275/uam/izt/dcbs/hidro/2020v29n3/cuervo
                8605935c-197a-40a7-a5f1-92c92c36bae4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 November 2019
                : 19 August 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Research articles

                regeneration,heterocronía,alometría,regeneración,aleta,Polypterus,heterochrony,allometry,fin

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