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      Functionalization and Evaluation of Inorganic Adsorbents for the Removal of Cadmium in Wastewater

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          Abstract

          This study presents the feasibility of using various functionalized substrates, Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) and Al 2O 3 spheres, for the removal of Cd from aqueous solution. To improve the materials’ affinity to Cd, we explored four different surface modifications, namely (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), L-Cysteine (Cys) and 3-(triethoxysilyl) propylsuccinic anhydride (CAS). Particles were characterized by FTIR, FIB-SEM and DLS and studied for their ability to remove metal ions. Modified NPs with APTES proved to be effective for Cd removal with efficiencies of up to 94%, and retention ratios up to 0.49 mg of Cd per g of NPs. Batch adsorption experiments investigated the influence of pH, contact time, and adsorbent dose on Cd adsorption. Additionally, the recyclability of the adsorbent and its potential phytotoxicity and animal toxicity effects were explored. The Langmuir, Freundlich, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were applied to describe the behavior of the Cd adsorption processes. The adsorption and desorption results showed that Fe 3O 4 NPs modified with APTES are promising low-cost platforms with low phytotoxicity for highly efficient heavy metal removal in wastewater.

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          Phytotoxicity of nanoparticles: inhibition of seed germination and root growth.

          Daohui Lin, Baoshan Xing (2007)
          Plants need to be included to develop a comprehensive toxicity profile for nanoparticles. Effects of five types of nanoparticles (multi-walled carbon nanotube, aluminum, alumina, zinc, and zinc oxide) on seed germination and root growth of six higher plant species (radish, rape, ryegrass, lettuce, corn, and cucumber) were investigated. Seed germination was not affected except for the inhibition of nanoscale zinc (nano-Zn) on ryegrass and zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) on corn at 2000 mg/L. Inhibition on root growth varied greatly among nanoparticles and plants. Suspensions of 2000 mg/L nano-Zn or nano-ZnO practically terminated root elongation of the tested plant species. Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of nano-Zn and nano-ZnO were estimated to be near 50mg/L for radish, and about 20mg/L for rape and ryegrass. The inhibition occurred during the seed incubation process rather than seed soaking stage. These results are significant in terms of use and disposal of engineered nanoparticles.
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            Kinetic models of sorption: a theoretical analysis.

            Saeid Azizian (2004)
            The kinetics of sorption from a solution onto an adsorbent has been explored theoretically. The general analytical solution was obtained for two cases. It has been shown that at high initial concentration of solute (sorbate) the general equation converts to a pseudo-first-order model and at lower initial concentration of solute it converts to a pseudo-second-order model. In other words, the sorption process obeys pseudo-first-order kinetics at high initial concentration of solute, while it obeys pseudo-second-order kinetics model at lower initial concentration of solute. The theoretical results (derived equations) show that the observed rate constants of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models are combinations of adsorption and desorption rate constants and also initial concentration of solute. The obtained theoretical equations are used to correlate experimental data for sorption kinetics of some solutes on various sorbents. The predictions of the theory are in excellent agreement with the experimental data.
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              Kinetics and thermodynamics of cadmium ion removal by adsorption onto nano zerovalent iron particles.

              Meera Joseph, Ravneet Boparai, D O'Carroll (2011)
              Nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) is an effective adsorbent for removing various organic and inorganic contaminants. In this study, nZVI particles were used to investigate the removal of Cd(2+) in the concentration range of 25-450 mg L(-1). The effect of temperature on kinetics and equilibrium of cadmium sorption on nZVI particles was thoroughly examined. Consistent with an endothermic reaction, an increase in the temperature resulted in increasing cadmium adsorption rate. The adsorption kinetics well fitted using a pseudo second-order kinetic model. The calculated activation energy for adsorption was 54.8 kJ mol(-1), indicating the adsorption process to be chemisorption. The intraparticle diffusion model described that the intraparticle diffusion was not the only rate-limiting step. The adsorption isotherm data could be well described by the Langmuir as well as Temkin equations. The maximum adsorption capacity of nZVI for Cd(2+) was found to be 769.2 mg g(-1) at 297 K. Thermodynamic parameters (i.e., change in the free energy (ΔG(o)), the enthalpy (ΔH(o)), and the entropy (ΔS(o))) were also evaluated. The overall adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. EDX analysis indicated the presence of cadmium ions on the nZVI surface. These results suggest that nZVI could be employed as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of cadmium from contaminated water sources. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Frank Alexis: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 July 2021
                Publication date Collection: July 2021
                Volume: 26
                Issue: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 4150
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; al.campana10@ 123456uniandes.edu.co (A.L.C.); aa.guillon@ 123456uniandes.edu.co (A.G.)
                [2 ]Laboratory of Neuroscience and Circadian Rhythms, School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; v.akle@ 123456uniandes.edu.co
                [3 ]Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; re.rivas@ 123456uniandes.edu.co
                [4 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; jc.cruz@ 123456uniandes.edu.co
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: jf.osma43@ 123456uniandes.edu.co ; Tel.: +57-1-339-4949
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8374-4942
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7790-7546
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2928-3406
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-26-04150
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144150
                PMC ID: 8304640
                PubMed ID: 34299425
                SO-VID: 8605bf13-21fe-4b3c-a334-70b377b66909
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 09 June 2021
                Date accepted : 03 July 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: wastewater,cadmium,magnetite nanoparticles,alumina,functionalization
                Data availability:
                Keywords: wastewater, cadmium, magnetite nanoparticles, alumina, functionalization

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