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      Determinantes de la salud en la adolescencia: capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y composición corporal Translated title: Determinants of health in adolescence: cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y la composición corporal son indicadores determinantes del estado de salud durante la adolescencia. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación de ambos parámetros con indicadores de salud mental y psicosocial, hábitos de vida y variables sociodemográficas, estableciendo sus factores predictores. Método: se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal sobre una muestra representativa de 761 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de todos los centros educativos de La Rioja. Para ello se valoraron el índice de masa corporal, el consumo máximo de oxígeno, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, la autoestima, las horas de sueño nocturno, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, el nivel de actividad física, el rendimiento académico y diferentes factores sociodemográficos. Resultados: los resultados determinaron que ser chico, tener una menor edad, dormir menos horas por la noche y presentar un rendimiento académico inferior son predictores de padecer obesidad, mientras que una menor edad y ser migrante lo fueron de poseer sobrepeso. Por su parte, un menor nivel de actividad física, un peor rendimiento académico, ser migrante y la no realización de actividades deportivas extraescolares fueron factores predictores de una capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en zona de riesgo. Además, el entorno para la realización de la actividad física y el nivel socioeconómico también demostraron asociaciones con dicha capacidad cardiorrespiratoria. Conclusiones: dada la influencia de la composición corporal y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria sobre la salud física y psicosocial de los adolescentes, se precisan estrategias de promoción que tengan en consideración los predictores identificados, con especial atención al fomento de estilos de vida saludables.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition are determining indicators of health status during adolescence. The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship of both parameters with indicators of mental and psychosocial health, lifestyle habits, and sociodemographic variables, establishing their predictive factors. Method: a cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 761 students (14.51 ± 1.63 years old) from 25 educational centers in a northern region of Spain. Body mass index, maximum oxygen uptake, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, hours of nightly sleep, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, physical activity engagement, academic performance, and different sociodemographic factors were analyzed for all participants. Results: the results determined that being a boy, being younger, sleeping fewer hours at night, and presenting a lower academic performance were predictors of suffering from obesity, while being younger and being a migrant were predictors of being overweight. On the other hand, lower physical activity engagement, poorer academic performance, being a migrant, and not practicing extracurricular sports activities were predictive factors of cardiorespiratory fitness in the risk zone. In addition, the environment for performing physical activity and socioeconomic level also showed associations with cardiorespiratory fitness. Conclusions: given the influence of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness on the physical and psychosocial health of adolescents, promotion strategies are required that take into account the identified predictors, with special attention to promoting healthy lifestyles.

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          Most cited references40

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          Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents

          OBJECTIVE: To construct growth curves for school-aged children and adolescents that accord with the WHO Child Growth Standards for preschool children and the body mass index (BMI) cut-offs for adults. METHODS: Data from the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO growth reference (1-24 years) were merged with data from the under-fives growth standards' cross-sectional sample (18-71 months) to smooth the transition between the two samples. State-of-the-art statistical methods used to construct the WHO Child Growth Standards (0-5 years), i.e. the Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) method with appropriate diagnostic tools for the selection of best models, were applied to this combined sample. FINDINGS: The merged data sets resulted in a smooth transition at 5 years for height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age. For BMI-for-age across all centiles the magnitude of the difference between the two curves at age 5 years is mostly 0.0 kg/m² to 0.1 kg/m². At 19 years, the new BMI values at +1 standard deviation (SD) are 25.4 kg/m² for boys and 25.0 kg/m² for girls. These values are equivalent to the overweight cut-off for adults (> 25.0 kg/m²). Similarly, the +2 SD value (29.7 kg/m² for both sexes) compares closely with the cut-off for obesity (> 30.0 kg/m²). CONCLUSION: The new curves are closely aligned with the WHO Child Growth Standards at 5 years, and the recommended adult cut-offs for overweight and obesity at 19 years. They fill the gap in growth curves and provide an appropriate reference for the 5 to 19 years age group.
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            Predictive validity of health-related fitness in youth: a systematic review.

            The objective of the present systematic review was to investigate whether physical fitness in childhood and adolescence is a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, events and syndromes, quality of life and low back pain later in life. Physical fitness-related components were: cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness, motor fitness and body composition. Adiposity was considered as both exposure and outcome. The results of 42 studies reporting the predictive validity of health-related physical fitness for CVD risk factors, events and syndromes as well as the results of five studies reporting the predictive validity of physical fitness for low back pain in children and adolescents were summarised. Strong evidence was found indicating that higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood and adolescence are associated with a healthier cardiovascular profile later in life. Muscular strength improvements from childhood to adolescence are negatively associated with changes in overall adiposity. A healthier body composition in childhood and adolescence is associated with a healthier cardiovascular profile later in life and with a lower risk of death. The evidence was moderate for the association between changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and CVD risk factors, and between cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome and arterial stiffness. Moderate evidence on the lack of a relationship between body composition and low back pain was found. Due to a limited number of studies, inconclusive evidence emerged for a relationship between muscular strength or motor fitness and CVD risk factors, and between flexibility and low back pain.
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              Researching health inequalities in adolescents: the development of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) family affluence scale.

              Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health have been little studied until recently, partly due to the lack of appropriate and agreed upon measures for this age group. The difficulties of measuring adolescent socioeconomic status (SES) are both conceptual and methodological. Conceptually, it is unclear whether parental SES should be used as a proxy, and if so, which aspect of SES is most relevant. Methodologically, parental SES information is difficult to obtain from adolescents resulting in high levels of missing data. These issues led to the development of a new measure, the Family Affluence Scale (FAS), in the context of an international study on adolescent health, the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study. The paper reviews the evolution of the measure over the past 10 years and its utility in examining and explaining health related inequalities at national and cross-national levels in over 30 countries in Europe and North America. We present an overview of HBSC papers published to date that examine FAS-related socioeconomic inequalities in health and health behaviour, using data from the HBSC study. Findings suggest consistent inequalities in self-reported health, psychosomatic symptoms, physical activity and aspects of eating habits at both the individual and country level. FAS has recently been adopted, and in some cases adapted, by other research and policy related studies and this work is also reviewed. Finally, ongoing FAS validation work is described together with ideas for future development of the measure.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                August 2021
                : 38
                : 4
                : 697-703
                Affiliations
                [1] Logroño La Rioja orgnameUniversidad de La Rioja orgdiv1Departamento de Ciencias de la Educación Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112021000400697 S0212-1611(21)03800400697
                10.20960/nh.03507
                8612fa53-8af5-4321-9c39-ef1ededae891

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 January 2021
                : 11 February 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Sobrepeso,Body composition,Overweight,Obesity,Cardiorespiratory fitness,Adolescent health,Composición corporal,Obesidad,Capacidad cardiorrespiratoria,Salud adolescente

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