Fe ₃O ₄ nanoparticles impregnated eggshell as an efficient biocatalyst for eco-friendly synthesis of 2-amino thiophene derivatives

Abstract

In this study, a biodegradable and eco-friendly biocatalyst (eggshell/Fe ₃O ₄) was synthesized utilizing eggshell impregnated with Fe ₃O ₄ nanoparticles. The characterization of prepared catalyst was carried out by Fourier transform infrared radiation (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), thermal gravimetric analysis-differential thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG), vibrating sample magnometer (VSM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The eggshell/Fe ₃O ₄ biocatalyst was served in multi-component reactions (MCRs) for the synthesis of 2-amino thiophene derivatives from variety aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, ethyl acetoacetate, and sulfur (S8). To achieve optimal reaction conditions, a thorough examination was conducted on key factors, such as the solvent type, reaction time and temperature, and the ratio of eggshell to Fe ₃O ₄. The findings suggest that high yield product can be obtained at microwave temperature (MW) in EtOH solvent within 10 min. Additionally, the eggshell/Fe ₃O ₄ biocatalyst exhibited high catalytic activity, which was sustained over the five cycles, without any significant decline in its performance.

Highlights

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  A biocatalyst was prepared by eggshell impregnated with Fe ₃O ₄.

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  The catalytic efficacy of the eggshell/Fe ₃O ₄ was assessed for the synthesis of 2-amino thiophene derivatives.

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  The findings suggest that high efficiency products can be obtained at microwave temperature in EtOH solvent within 10 min.

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