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      Foraging pattern and harvesting of resources of subterranean stingless bee Geotrigona subterranea (Friese, 1901) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Flight activity of bees is influenced both by environmental factors and by internal condition of the colonies. Information about external activity of bees is very important, because it provides data of the species biology, supplying subsidies for the use of these insects in the pollination of crops. The present work aim to evaluate the flight activity of Geotrigona subterranea (Friese, 1901) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in natural environment. This study was performed on the Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, in the municipality Januária, Minas Gerais State. Two natural nests were observed. The activities of bees of the colonies were recorded three days each month, during the period of December 2011 to November 2012, totaling 924 observations. It was recorded the number of bees leaving and entering the nest, and the type of material transported by them for ten minutes each hour from 5 a.m. to 7 p.m. The bees entered the colony carrying pollen, resin, detritus and also without apparent material. The bees began external activities by 6 a.m. at 20°C and finished at 6 p.m. at 28.8°C. The peak of activity of G. subterranea occurs on schedule from 1 to 2 p.m. Even though G. subterranea makes their nests in underground, their foraging activities are very similar to others stingless bee species that usually nest on tree cavities or aerial places. This indicate that despite their particular nesting way the external factors as climatic ones will significantly modulate their foraging pattern in a daily and seasonal way.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO A atividade de vôo das abelhas é influenciada por fatores ambientais, como temperatura, umidade e intensidade luminosa; e pelas condições internas da colônia. Informações sobre a atividade externa das abelhas é de grande importância, pois proporciona dados importantes para o conhecimento da biologia das espécies, fornecendo subsídios para o uso destes insetos na polinização de cultivos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade de voo de Geotrigona subterranea (Friese, 1901) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em ambiente natural. Este estudo foi realizado no Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, no município de Januária, Estado de Minas Gerais. Foram observados dois ninhos naturais. A atividade das abelhas foi registrada por três dias a cada mês, durante o período de dezembro de 2011 a novembro de 2012, totalizando 924 observações. Foi registrado o número de abelhas que sai e entra no ninho, e o tipo de material transportado por estas, durante dez minutos a cada hora (das 5 às 19 horas). As abelhas entraram na colónia transportando pólen, resina, detritos e também entraram sem aparente material (néctar ou água). As abelhas iniciaram a atividade externa por volta das 6 horas da manhã, a 20°C e encerraram às 18 horas, a 28,8°C. O pico da atividade de G. subterranea foi observado em torno das 13-14 horas. Apesar de G. subterranea construir seus ninhos em cavidades subterrâneas, suas atividades de forrageamento são semelhantes a de outras espécies de abelhas sem ferrão que constroem ninhos externos ou em cavidades de árvores. Isto indica que, apesar de seu hábito de nidificação, os fatores climáticos afetam seu padrão de forrageamento diária e sazonalmente.

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          Thermal constraints for stingless bee foragers: the importance of body size and coloration.

          In the dry tropics, foraging bees face significant thermal constraints as a result of high ambient temperatures and direct insolation. In order to determine the potential importance of body size and body coloration in heat gain and heat loss, passive warm-up and cooling rates were measured for freshly killed workers of 24 stingless bee species. Results accorded with biophysical principles. Small bees reached lower temperature excesses ( T(exc)) and warmed up and lost heat much more rapidly than larger bees. In addition to body size, body coloration had a clear effect on thermal parameters. Light-coloured bees warmed up less rapidly and had lower T(exc) than dark bees. An intraspecific comparison of Melipona costaricensis and Cephalotrigona capitata colour morphs confirmed that body coloration influences thermal characteristics. This study is the first to indicate that abdominal coloration in stingless bees might be involved in the regulation of body temperature in extreme thermal conditions. However, body temperatures of foraging bees of colour morphs were not very different. This is probably due to behavioural adaptations (e.g. foraging strategies) or differences in convective and evaporative heat loss or the production of metabolic heat during flight, that all mask the effect of body colour. Notwithstanding such effects and potential thermoregulatory capabilities, stingless bees show niche differentiation and biogeographic distributions that correlate with body coloration and body size. This also suggests that, in general, light bees have an advantage over black bees in hot open lowland habitats, whereas black bees might have an advantage in wet habitats and mountains. The origin, occurrence and function of flavinism (yellow integument colouring) are discussed.
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            Tropical pollinators in the canopy and understory: Field data and theory for stratum ?preferences?

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              Flight activity and colony strength in the stingless bee Melipona bicolor bicolor (Apidae, Meliponinae)

              Flight activity of Melipona bicolor bicolor, coming from Cunha (23º05'S, 44º55'W), Atlantic Forest, was studied in ten colonies, and in two periods: from July to September 1993 and from August to September 1995. The colonies were grouped in weak, medium and strong, according to the diameter of the combs, which can provide a good idea of the number of cells built. 855 observations were accomplished for 5 minutes, every half-hour, from 8 to 18 hours. The total number of bees that entered and left the hive and the number of bees that arrived with mud, pollen and resin, besides the number that went out with debris in that period were counted. It was also registered the temperature and the relative humidity of the air. The total external activity, as well as pollen collection, was maximum in the first hours of the morning, mainly in strong colonies. Weak colonies moved their maximum activity approximately to 12 hours. Pollen collection declined gradually, while mud and resin collection rose; removal of debris was greater in the beginning of the morning and in the end of the afternoon. Flight activity increased as relative humidity of the air rose, being optimum for strong colonies in the range between 80%-89%, and for the weakest colonies between 70%-79%. The minimum temperature observed for exit of the bees was 11ºC, with optimum temperatures ranging between 17ºC and 22ºC. The results showed that the general state of the colony influences the different strategies of food collection and that these bees should be adapted to environments of high relative humidity as the Atlantic forest.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                paz
                Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
                Pap. Avulsos Zool.
                Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0031-1049
                1807-0205
                2016
                : 56
                : 12
                : 151-157
                Affiliations
                [3] Salvador Bahia orgnameInstituto Federal Baiano Brazil
                [1] Montes Claros orgnameInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais Brazil fernandosagarana@ 123456gmail.com
                [2] Viçosa Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Viçosa Brazil
                Article
                S0031-10492016001200151
                10.11606/0031-1049.2016.56.12
                86be9d70-91d3-448a-8c18-c77cfc82e99c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 October 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Pollen,Resin,Detritus,Resinas,Comportamento de forrageamento,Meliponini,Pólen,Detritos,Foraging behavior

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