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      Translated title: The leishmaniases - survival and expansion in a changing world: a mini-review

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          Abstract

          The number of cases of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasing globally at an alarming rate irrespective of the region and the leishmaniases are amongst the top emergent diseases in spite of control measures. In the present review attention is drawn to some of the reasons for this. The leishmaniases have expanded beyond their natural ecotopes due to the ecological chaos caused by man and this in turn affects the levels of his exposure to the vectors. Examples of how different phenomana (such as war, civilian migration, immuno-suppression caused by medication and viral infections, globalization of work and leisure and transmission outside endemic areas) contribute to the spread and increase of the disease are discussed.

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          The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses.

          R.W. Ashford (2000)
          The 20 or so species of Leishmania which have been recorded as human infections are all either zoonotic, or have recent zoonotic origins. Their distribution is determined by that of their vector, their reservoir host, or both, so is dependent on precise environmental features. This concatenation of limiting factors leads to specific environmental requirements and focal distribution of zoonotic or anthroponotic sources. Human infection is dependent on the ecological relationship between human activity and reservoir systems. Examples are available of the emergence of leishmaniasis from the distant past to the present, and can be postulated for the future. These emergences have been provoked by the adoption of new, secondary reservoir hosts, the adoption of new vector species, transport of infection in humans or domestic animals, invasion by humans of zoonotic foci, and irruption of reservoir hosts beyond their normal range. The leishmaniases therefore present an excellent model for emerging disease in general, and for the generation of the principles governing emergence. The model is, however, limited by gaps in our knowledge, usually quantitative, sometimes qualitative, of the structure of reservoir systems.
          Article 0 comments Cited 142 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Occurrence of Leishmania infantum parasitemia in asymptomatic blood donors living in an area of endemicity in southern France.

            Y Le Fichoux, J Quaranta, J P Aufeuvre … (1999)
            Visceral leishmaniosis (VL) due to Leishmania infantum (L. chagasi) is a lethal disease if untreated, but asymptomatic L. infantum infections have been reported previously. A better understanding of parasite transmission, dissemination, and survival in the human host is needed. The purpose of this study was to assess whether L. infantum circulated in peripheral blood of subjects with no history of VL. Sera from 565 blood donors were screened by Western blotting to detect Leishmania-specific antibodies and identify individuals with probable past exposure to Leishmania. Seropositivity was found in 76 donors whose buffy coats were examined by PCR and direct culture. The parasite minicircle kinetoplast DNA was amplified from blood samples of nine donors. Promastigotes were detected by culture in blood samples from nine donors. Only two donors were PCR and culture positive. These results indicate that L. infantum circulates intermittently and at low density in the blood of healthy seropositive individuals, who thus appear to be asymptomatic carriers. Implications for the safety of blood transfusion are discussed.
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              Transmission of visceral leishmaniasis through blood transfusions from infected English foxhounds to anemic dogs.

              Michael A. Newton, W Hatchett, R Grace Walton … (2001)
              To conduct serologic surveillance for Leishmania spp in English foxhounds from a kennel, as well as recipients of blood from these dogs, and determine whether L infantum organisms could be transmitted via blood transfusion. Serologic prevalence survey. 120 English foxhounds and 51 dogs of various breeds receiving blood from these donors. Foxhound blood donors, foxhound nondonors, and nonfoxhound blood recipient dogs were evaluated serologically for Leishmania spp by indirect fluorescent antibody testing. Dogs that received packed RBC (PRBC) transfusions from foxhound donors from mid-1996 through mid-2000 were identified. Furthermore, dogs were serologically evaluated if they had received fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions in 1999 and 2000 from seropositive foxhound blood donors. Thirty percent of the English Foxhounds were seropositive for Leishmania spp (titer > or = 1:16), although the degree of seropositivity varied considerably during the period. Furthermore, 57 foxhounds had been used as donors from 1996 to 2000, and 342 units of PRBC had been transfused to at least 227 patients. All 25 dogs screened that received PRBC from seronegative foxhound donors tested negative, whereas 3 of 7 dogs that received PRBC from seropositive donors tested positive. All 9 dogs that received FFP from seropositive foxhound donors remained seronegative. To our knowledge, this report documents the first transmission of Leishmania spp by blood transfusion. The use of foxhounds as blood donors may not be advisable in North America.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jeffrey Shaw: Role: ND
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher): mioc
                Title: Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
                Abbreviated Title: Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz
                Publisher: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde (Rio de Janeiro )
                ISSN: 1678-8060
                Publication date (Print): August 2007
                Volume: 102
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 541-547
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Brasil
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0074-02762007000500001
                DOI: 10.1590/S0074-02762007000500001
                SO-VID: 86d00f6b-cf14-45eb-8266-5466c726ec98
                License:

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0074-0276&lng=en
                Categories
                Subject: PARASITOLOGY
                Subject: TROPICAL MEDICINE

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology,Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: cutaneous,visceral,leishmaniasis,war,social stress,travel,migration
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology, Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: cutaneous, visceral, leishmaniasis, war, social stress, travel, migration

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