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      Benzophenones from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. Exhibit Anticancer Activity in HepG2 Cells via the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

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          Abstract

          A chemical investigation of the fibrous roots of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. led to the isolation of four benzophenones, including one new compound ( 1) and three known ones ( 2–4). Comprehensive 1D, 2D NMR and HRESIMS data established the structures of the isolated compounds. The absolute configurations were determined by comparison of the calculated optical rotation (OR) with experimental data. All the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxicities on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2 and Hep3B). Compound 1 showed strong cytotoxicity against HepG2 and Hep3B cells, with IC 50 values at 153.1 and 180.6 nM. Through MTT assay, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis, compound 1 demonstrated the ability to stimulate apoptosis via the NF-κB signaling pathway in HepG2 cells. These benzophenones are potential lead compounds for the development of better treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma.

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          Biomarkers for the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

          Nobuhiro Tsuchiya, YU SAWADA, Itaru Endo … (2015)
          Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although the prognosis of patients with HCC is generally poor, the 5-year survival rate is > 70% if patients are diagnosed at an early stage. However, early diagnosis of HCC is complicated by the coexistence of inflammation and cirrhosis. Thus, novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of HCC are required. Currently, the diagnosis of HCC without pathological correlation is achieved by analyzing serum α-fetoprotein levels combined with imaging techniques. Advances in genomics and proteomics platforms and biomarker assay techniques over the last decade have resulted in the identification of numerous novel biomarkers and have improved the diagnosis of HCC. The most promising biomarkers, such as glypican-3, osteopontin, Golgi protein-73 and nucleic acids including microRNAs, are most likely to become clinically validated in the near future. These biomarkers are not only useful for early diagnosis of HCC, but also provide insight into the mechanisms driving oncogenesis. In addition, such molecular insight creates the basis for the development of potentially more effective treatment strategies. In this article, we provide an overview of the biomarkers that are currently used for the early diagnosis of HCC.
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            From diagnosis to treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: An epidemic problem for both developed and developing world

            Dimitrios Dimitroulis, Christos Damaskos, Serena Valsami … (2017)
            Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver malignancy and the third cause of cancer-related death in the Western Countries. The well-established causes of HCC are chronic liver infections such as hepatitis B virus or chronic hepatitis C virus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, consumption of aflatoxins and tobacco smocking. Clinical presentation varies widely; patients can be asymptomatic while symptomatology extends from right upper abdominal quadrant paint and weight loss to obstructive jaundice and lethargy. Imaging is the first key and one of the most important aspects at all stages of diagnosis, therapy and follow-up of patients with HCC. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging System remains the most widely classification system used for HCC management guidelines. Up until now, HCC remains a challenge to early diagnose, and treat effectively; treating management is focused on hepatic resection, orthotopic liver transplantation, ablative therapies, chemoembolization and systemic therapies with cytotocix drugs, and targeted agents. This review article describes the current evidence on epidemiology, symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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              Rupture of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review of Literature

              Radha K Dhiman, Ajay K Duseja, Srimanta K. Sahu … (2018)
              Approximately 700,000 people die of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) each year worldwide, making it the third leading cause of cancer related deaths. Rupture is a potentially life-threatening complication of HCC. The incidence of HCC rupture is higher in Asia and Africa than in Europe. In Asia approximately 10% of patients with a diagnosis of HCC die due to rupture each year. Spontaneous rupture is the third most common cause of death due to HCC after tumor progression and liver failure. The diagnosis of rupture in patients without history of cirrhosis or HCC may be difficult. The most common symptom of ruptured HCC is abdominal pain (66-100%). Shock at presentation can be seen in 33-90% of cases; abdominal distension is reported in 33%. Abdominal paracentesis documenting hemoperitoneum is a reliable test to provisionally diagnose rupture of HCC, it can be seen in up to 86% of clinically suspected cases. The diagnoses can be confirmed by computed tomography scan or ultrasonography, or both in 75% of cases. Careful pre-treatment evaluation is essential to decide the best treatment option. Management of ruptured HCC involves multi-disciplinary care where hemostasis remains a primary concern. Earlier studies have reported a mortality rate of 25-75% in the acute phase of ruptured HCC. However, recent studies have reported a significant decrease in the incidence of mortality. There is also a decrease in the incidence of ruptured HCC due to improved surveillance and early detection of HCC. Transarterial Embolization is the least invasive method to effectively induce hemostasis in the acute stage with a success rate of 53-100%. Hepatic resection in the other hand has the advantage of achieving hemostasis and in the same go offers a potentially curative resection in selected patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 June 2019
                Publication date Collection: June 2019
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2246
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; dlwu7375@ 123456sina.com
                [2 ]School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; yyfhzwz@ 123456163.com (Z.-D.L.); rtsjxfc@ 123456163.com (F.-F.C.); zhangwei@ 123456ahtcm.edu.cn (W.Z.); renyashuo@ 123456gmail.com (Y.-S.R.); cancanW1120@ 123456163.com (C.-C.W.); 15077919652@ 123456163.com (X.-X.C.)
                [3 ]Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces of New Manufacturing Technology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: pengdaiyin@ 123456163.com (D.-Y.P.); cpu_lykong@ 123456126.com (L.-Y.K.); Tel.: +86-0551-68129004 (D.-Y.P.); +86-25-83271405 (L.-Y.K.)
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8734-0897
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-24-02246
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122246
                PMC ID: 6630431
                PubMed ID: 31208101
                SO-VID: 86dccb96-9d91-4f7e-b80b-771a57be68c5
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 28 May 2019
                Date accepted : 13 June 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: anemarrhena asphodeloides bge.,benzophenones,hepatocellular carcinoma,apoptosis,nuclear factor-κb
                Data availability:
                Keywords: anemarrhena asphodeloides bge., benzophenones, hepatocellular carcinoma, apoptosis, nuclear factor-κb

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