Presenteeism and associated factors among railway train drivers

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Abstract

Background: Presenteeism is an emerging work-related health problem among train drivers. It is more serious than absenteeism, as it accounts for higher productivity losses over the long term and may increase the risk of occupational accidents. Train drivers have high rates of mental and physical health conditions that may put them at high risk of presenteeism.

Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 train drivers working in Mansoura railway station and 100 administrative employees working in the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura university as a comparison group to estimate the prevalence of presenteeism and its associated factors among train drivers working in Mansoura railway station, Egypt. A questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic, occupational and medical data. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) was used to measure non-specific psychological distress. The Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6) was used to assess productivity loss related to sickness presenteeism.

Results: The prevalence of presenteeism was significantly higher among train drivers (76%) compared to the comparison group (31%). All participants (100%) with psychological distress reported presenteeism. Being a train driver (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=5.4) and having hypertension (AOR=4.03) are independent predictors for presenteeism.

Conclusions: The prevalence of presenteeism and its associated risk factors were significantly higher among train drivers than the comparison group. There is an urgent need for the railway industry to understand the factors that may contribute to presenteeism.

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Most cited references 52

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Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies.

(2004)

A WHO expert consultation addressed the debate about interpretation of recommended body-mass index (BMI) cut-off points for determining overweight and obesity in Asian populations, and considered whether population-specific cut-off points for BMI are necessary. They reviewed scientific evidence that suggests that Asian populations have different associations between BMI, percentage of body fat, and health risks than do European populations. The consultation concluded that the proportion of Asian people with a high risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease is substantial at BMIs lower than the existing WHO cut-off point for overweight (> or =25 kg/m2). However, available data do not necessarily indicate a clear BMI cut-off point for all Asians for overweight or obesity. The cut-off point for observed risk varies from 22 kg/m2 to 25 kg/m2 in different Asian populations; for high risk it varies from 26 kg/m2 to 31 kg/m2. No attempt was made, therefore, to redefine cut-off points for each population separately. The consultation also agreed that the WHO BMI cut-off points should be retained as international classifications. The consultation identified further potential public health action points (23.0, 27.5, 32.5, and 37.5 kg/m2) along the continuum of BMI, and proposed methods by which countries could make decisions about the definitions of increased risk for their population.

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The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report.

Aram V Chobanian, George L Bakris, Henry R Black … (2003)

"The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure" provides a new guideline for hypertension prevention and management. The following are the key messages(1) In persons older than 50 years, systolic blood pressure (BP) of more than 140 mm Hg is a much more important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor than diastolic BP; (2) The risk of CVD, beginning at 115/75 mm Hg, doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg; individuals who are normotensive at 55 years of age have a 90% lifetime risk for developing hypertension; (3) Individuals with a systolic BP of 120 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic BP of 80 to 89 mm Hg should be considered as prehypertensive and require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent CVD; (4) Thiazide-type diuretics should be used in drug treatment for most patients with uncomplicated hypertension, either alone or combined with drugs from other classes. Certain high-risk conditions are compelling indications for the initial use of other antihypertensive drug classes (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers); (5) Most patients with hypertension will require 2 or more antihypertensive medications to achieve goal BP (<140/90 mm Hg, or <130/80 mm Hg for patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease); (6) If BP is more than 20/10 mm Hg above goal BP, consideration should be given to initiating therapy with 2 agents, 1 of which usually should be a thiazide-type diuretic; and (7) The most effective therapy prescribed by the most careful clinician will control hypertension only if patients are motivated. Motivation improves when patients have positive experiences with and trust in the clinician. Empathy builds trust and is a potent motivator. Finally, in presenting these guidelines, the committee recognizes that the responsible physician's judgment remains paramount.

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Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies

Prospective Studies Collaboration, George Davey Smith (2009)

Summary Background The main associations of body-mass index (BMI) with overall and cause-specific mortality can best be assessed by long-term prospective follow-up of large numbers of people. The Prospective Studies Collaboration aimed to investigate these associations by sharing data from many studies. Methods Collaborative analyses were undertaken of baseline BMI versus mortality in 57 prospective studies with 894 576 participants, mostly in western Europe and North America (61% [n=541 452] male, mean recruitment age 46 [SD 11] years, median recruitment year 1979 [IQR 1975–85], mean BMI 25 [SD 4] kg/m2). The analyses were adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and study. To limit reverse causality, the first 5 years of follow-up were excluded, leaving 66 552 deaths of known cause during a mean of 8 (SD 6) further years of follow-up (mean age at death 67 [SD 10] years): 30 416 vascular; 2070 diabetic, renal or hepatic; 22 592 neoplastic; 3770 respiratory; 7704 other. Findings In both sexes, mortality was lowest at about 22·5–25 kg/m2. Above this range, positive associations were recorded for several specific causes and inverse associations for none, the absolute excess risks for higher BMI and smoking were roughly additive, and each 5 kg/m2 higher BMI was on average associated with about 30% higher overall mortality (hazard ratio per 5 kg/m2 [HR] 1·29 [95% CI 1·27–1·32]): 40% for vascular mortality (HR 1·41 [1·37–1·45]); 60–120% for diabetic, renal, and hepatic mortality (HRs 2·16 [1·89–2·46], 1·59 [1·27–1·99], and 1·82 [1·59–2·09], respectively); 10% for neoplastic mortality (HR 1·10 [1·06–1·15]); and 20% for respiratory and for all other mortality (HRs 1·20 [1·07–1·34] and 1·20 [1·16–1·25], respectively). Below the range 22·5–25 kg/m2, BMI was associated inversely with overall mortality, mainly because of strong inverse associations with respiratory disease and lung cancer. These inverse associations were much stronger for smokers than for non-smokers, despite cigarette consumption per smoker varying little with BMI. Interpretation Although other anthropometric measures (eg, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) could well add extra information to BMI, and BMI to them, BMI is in itself a strong predictor of overall mortality both above and below the apparent optimum of about 22·5–25 kg/m2. The progressive excess mortality above this range is due mainly to vascular disease and is probably largely causal. At 30–35 kg/m2, median survival is reduced by 2–4 years; at 40–45 kg/m2, it is reduced by 8–10 years (which is comparable with the effects of smoking). The definite excess mortality below 22·5 kg/m2 is due mainly to smoking-related diseases, and is not fully explained. Funding UK Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, EU BIOMED programme, US National Institute on Aging, and Clinical Trial Service Unit (Oxford, UK).

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Contributors

Asmaa El-Sayed Awaad: Role: Data CurationRole: Formal AnalysisRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – Original Draft PreparationRole: Writing – Review & Editing

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1359-9396

Sohair El-Bestar: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Project AdministrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – Review & Editing

Abdel-Hady El-Gilany: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal AnalysisRole: MethodologyRole: Project AdministrationRole: Writing – Review & Editing

Adel Al-Wehedy: Role: MethodologyRole: Project AdministrationRole: Writing – Review & Editing

Samah Saleh El-Hadidy: Role: MethodologyRole: Project AdministrationRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – Review & Editing

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): F1000Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): F1000Res

Title: F1000Research

Publisher: F1000 Research Limited (London, UK )

ISSN (Electronic): 2046-1402

Publication date (Electronic): 1 June 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 470

Affiliations

[1 ]Assistant lecturer of Industrial Medicine and Occupational Health, Public Health & Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, 35516, Egypt

[2 ]Professor of Industrial Medicine and Occupational Health, Public Health & Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, 35516, Egypt

[3 ]Professor of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Public Health & Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, 35516, Egypt

[4 ]Assistant professor of Industrial Medicine and Occupational Health, Public Health & Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, 35516, Egypt

[1 ]School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

[1 ]Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

[1 ]School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Mansoura University, Egypt

Author notes

[a ] asmaa_awaad@ 123456mans.edu.eg

No competing interests were disclosed.

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Competing interests: Authors declare that there are no competing interests.

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Asmaa El-Sayed Awaad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1359-9396

Article

DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.111999.2

PMC ID: 9237557

SO-VID: 8702d707-b93a-480f-b02b-dee06bf54e94

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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Presenteeism and associated factors among railway train drivers

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Most cited references 52

Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies.

The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report.

Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies

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