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      Treatment of status migrainosus by general anesthesia: a case report Translated title: Tratamento do estado de mal-enxaquecoso pela anestesia geral: relato de caso

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The status migrainosus is a complication of migraine characterized by severe headache for more than 72 h that did not respond to treatment, with risk of stroke and suicide. Researches on treatment are directed to drugs that stimulate GABA receptors; propofol and isoflurane act on sub-GABAa receptors and theoretically could be interesting. The first has been the subject of research in severe migraine. Opioids are employed in pain, and its use in chronic headache is debatable, but these agents are employed in acute cases. The goal is to present a case of refractory status migrainosus in that we decided to break the pain cycle by general anesthesia.CASE REPORT: Female patient, aged 50 years, with status migrainosus, in the last five days with visits to the emergency department, medicated parenterally with various agents without result. Without comorbidities, dehydrated, described her pain as "well over 10" in Visual Numeric Scale (VNS). After consulting the literature, and given the apparent severity of the condition, we opted for a general anesthesia: induction with fentanyl, propofol, and vecuronium and maintenance with isoflurane and propofol for two hours. Following the treatment, in the postanesthetic recuperation (PAR), the patient related her pain as VNS 3, and was released after five hours with VNS 2. Subsequently, her preventive treatment was resumed.CONCLUSION: Status migrainosus is a rare disabling complication and anesthetics have been the subject of research in its treatment; the option for general anesthesia with agents that stimulate GABA receptors, propofol and isoflurane, in association with fentanyl, proved effective and should encourage new research.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMOJUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O estado de mal-enxaquecoso é complicação da migrânea caracterizada por cefaleia severa por mais de 72 horas não responsiva à terapêutica com risco de AVC e suicídio. Pesquisas no tratamento se direcionam às drogas que estimulam receptores GABA; propofol e isoflurano atuam nos sub-receptores GABAa e teoricamente poderiam ser interessantes. O primeiro já foi objeto de pesquisas na migrânea severa. Opioides são empregados em dor, seu uso crônico nas cefaleias é discutível, mas são empregados nos casos agudos. O objetivo é apresentar caso de estado de mal-enxaquecoso refratário em que se optou para quebrar o ciclo álgico por uma anestesia geral.RELATO DE CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino com 50 anos em estado de mal-enxaquecoso havia cinco dias com passagens anteriores por serviço de urgências, medicada por via parenteral com vários agentes sem resultado. Sem comorbidades, desidratada, descrevia sua dor como "muito superior a 10" na ENV. Após consulta à literatura, face à gravidade aparente do quadro, optou-se pela feitura de uma anestesia geral; a indução foi com fentanil, propofol, vecurônio e manutenção com isoflurano e propofol por duas horas. No fim, na RPA, no primeiro contato classificou sua dor com ENV 3, teve alta após cinco horas com ENV 2. Ulteriormente retomou seu tratamento preventivo.CONCLUSÃO: O mal-enxaquecoso é uma complicação rara incapacitante e anestésicos têm sido objeto de pesquisas no tratamento; a opção por uma anestesia geral com agentes que estimulam os receptores GABA, propofol e isoflurano, aliados ao fentanil, mostrou-se eficaz e deve incentivar pesquisas.

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          Most cited references22

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          Global prevalence of chronic migraine: a systematic review.

          The aim of this review was to summarize population-based studies reporting prevalence and/or incidence of chronic migraine (CM) and to explore variation across studies. A systematic literature search was conducted. Relevant data were abstracted and estimates were subdivided based on the criteria used in each study. Sixteen publications representing 12 studies were accepted. None presented data on CM incidence. The prevalence of CM was 0-5.1%, with estimates typically in the range of 1.4-2.2%. Seven studies used Silberstein-Lipton criteria (or equivalent), with prevalence ranging from 0.9% to 5.1%. Three estimates used migraine that occurred ≥15 days per month, with prevalence ranging from 0 to 0.7%. Prevalence varied by World Health Organization region and gender. This review identified population-based studies of CM prevalence, although heterogeneity across studies and lack of data from certain regions leaves an incomplete picture. Future studies on CM would benefit from an International Classification of Headache Disorders consensus diagnosis that is clinically appropriate and operational in epidemiological studies.
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            The international classification of headache disorders

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              GABAA receptors as molecular targets of general anesthetics: identification of binding sites provides clues to allosteric modulation

              Purpose The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge of detailed biochemical evidence for the role of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAA–Rs) in the mechanisms of general anesthesia. Principal findings With the knowledge that all general anesthetics positively modulate GABAA-R-mediated inhibitory transmission, site-directed mutagenesis comparing sequences of GABAA-R subunits of varying sensitivity led to identification of amino acid residues in the transmembrane domain that are critical for the drug actions in vitro. Using a photo incorporable analogue of the general anesthetic, R(+)etomidate, we identified two transmembrane amino acids that were affinity labelled in purified bovine brain GABAA-R. Homology protein structural modelling positions these two residues, αM1-11’ and βM3-4’, close to each other in a single type of intersubunit etomidate binding pocket at the β/α interface. This position would be appropriate for modulation of agonist channel gating. Overall, available information suggests that these two etomidate binding residues are allosterically coupled to sites of action of steroids, barbiturates, volatile agents, and propofol, but not alcohols. Residue α/βM2-15’ is probably not a binding site but allosterically coupled to action of volatile agents, alcohols, and intravenous agents, and α/βM1-(-2’) is coupled to action of intravenous agents. Conclusions Establishment of a coherent and consistent structural model of the GABAA-R lends support to the conclusion that general anesthetics can modulate function by binding to appropriate domains on the protein. Genetic engineering of mice with mutation in some of these GABAA-R residues are insensitive to general anesthetics in vivo, suggesting that further analysis of these domains could lead to development of more potent and specific drugs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rba
                Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia
                Rev. Bras. Anestesiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (Campinas )
                1806-907X
                October 2015
                : 65
                : 5
                : 407-410
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual de Campinas Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Estadual de Campinas Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Estadual de Campinas Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade Estadual de Campinas Brazil
                Article
                S0034-70942015000500407
                10.1016/j.bjane.2013.09.011
                87274740-c9b9-4c04-8f8e-66ad7eebe406

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7094&lng=en
                Categories
                ANESTHESIOLOGY

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                Migraine disorder,Combined therapy,General anesthesia,Transtorno de enxaqueca,Terapia combinada,Anestesia geral

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