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      3D-printed mouthpiece adapter for sampling exhaled breath in medical applications

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          Abstract

          The growing use of 3D printing in the biomedical sciences demonstrates its utility for a wide range of research and healthcare applications, including its potential implementation in the discipline of breath analysis to overcome current limitations and substantial costs of commercial breath sampling interfaces. This technical note reports on the design and construction of a 3D-printed mouthpiece adapter for sampling exhaled breath using the commercial respiration collector for in-vitro analysis (ReCIVA) device. The paper presents the design and digital workflow transition of the adapter and its fabrication from three commercial resins (Surgical Guide, Tough v5, and BioMed Clear) using a Formlabs Form 3B stereolithography (SLA) printer. The use of the mouthpiece adapter in conjunction with a pulmonary function filter is appraised in comparison to the conventional commercial silicon facemask sampling interface. Besides its lower cost – investment cost of the printing equipment notwithstanding – the 3D-printed adapter has several benefits, including ensuring breath sampling via the mouth, reducing the likelihood of direct contact of the patient with the breath sampling tubes, and being autoclaveable to enable the repeated use of a single adapter, thereby reducing waste and associated environmental burden compared to current one-way disposable facemasks. The novel adapter for breath sampling presented in this technical note represents an additional field of application for 3D printing that further demonstrates its widespread applicability in biomedicine.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41205-022-00150-y.

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          Most cited references36

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          Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering.

          Tissue engineering technology promises to solve the organ transplantation crisis. However, assembly of vascularized 3D soft organs remains a big challenge. Organ printing, which we define as computer-aided, jet-based 3D tissue-engineering of living human organs, offers a possible solution. Organ printing involves three sequential steps: pre-processing or development of "blueprints" for organs; processing or actual organ printing; and postprocessing or organ conditioning and accelerated organ maturation. A cell printer that can print gels, single cells and cell aggregates has been developed. Layer-by-layer sequentially placed and solidified thin layers of a thermo-reversible gel could serve as "printing paper". Combination of an engineering approach with the developmental biology concept of embryonic tissue fluidity enables the creation of a new rapid prototyping 3D organ printing technology, which will dramatically accelerate and optimize tissue and organ assembly.
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            Medical Applications for 3D Printing: Current and Projected Uses.

            3D printing is expected to revolutionize health care through uses in tissue and organ fabrication; creation of customized prosthetics, implants, and anatomical models; and pharmaceutical research regarding drug dosage forms, delivery, and discovery.
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              Recent Advances in Biomaterials for 3D Printing and Tissue Engineering

              Three-dimensional printing has significant potential as a fabrication method in creating scaffolds for tissue engineering. The applications of 3D printing in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are limited by the variety of biomaterials that can be used in this technology. Many researchers have developed novel biomaterials and compositions to enable their use in 3D printing methods. The advantages of fabricating scaffolds using 3D printing are numerous, including the ability to create complex geometries, porosities, co-culture of multiple cells, and incorporate growth factors. In this review, recently-developed biomaterials for different tissues are discussed. Biomaterials used in 3D printing are categorized into ceramics, polymers, and composites. Due to the nature of 3D printing methods, most of the ceramics are combined with polymers to enhance their printability. Polymer-based biomaterials are 3D printed mostly using extrusion-based printing and have a broader range of applications in regenerative medicine. The goal of tissue engineering is to fabricate functional and viable organs and, to achieve this, multiple biomaterials and fabrication methods need to be researched.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                olaf.holz@item.fraunhofer.de
                Journal
                3D Print Med
                3D Print Med
                3D Printing in Medicine
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                2365-6271
                9 August 2022
                9 August 2022
                December 2022
                : 8
                : 27
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.466709.a, ISNI 0000 0000 9730 7658, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, ; Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.5330.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2107 3311, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, ; Henkestraße 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
                [3 ]GRID grid.418009.4, ISNI 0000 0000 9191 9864, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, ; Feodor-Lynen-Str. 15, 30625 Hannover, Germany
                [4 ]Member of the German Centre of Lung Research DZL (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
                Article
                150
                10.1186/s41205-022-00150-y
                9364600
                35943600
                87672c7e-0d77-499b-af58-f69201b31710
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 24 February 2022
                : 7 June 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Fraunhofer-Institut für Toxikologie und Experimentelle Medizin ITEM (1050)
                Categories
                Methodology
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2022

                prototyping,sampling interface,resin-printed device,stereolithography,breath analysis,spirometry

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