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      Sacroiliac secure corridor: analysis for safe insertion of iliosacral screws Translated title: Corredor de seguranca sacro-iliaco: analise para insercao segura de parafusos iliossacrais

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: Posterior pelvic lesions, especially of the sacral-iliac joint, have high mortality and morbidity risks. Definitive fixation is necessary for the joint stabilization, and one option is the sacral percutaneous pinning with screws. Proximity to important structures to this region brings risks to the fixation procedure; therefore, it is important to know the tridimensional anatomy of the pelvis posterior region. Deviations of the surgeon's hand of four degrees may target the screws to those structures; dimorphisms of the upper sacrum and a poor lesion reduction may redound in a screw malpositioning. This study is aimed to evaluate the dimensions of a safe surgical corridor for safe sacroiliac screw insertion and relations with age and sex of the patients. METHOD: One hundred randomly selected pelvis CTs of patients with no pelvic diseases, seen at a tertiary care teaching Hospital. Measurements were made by computer and the safest area for screw insertion was calculated by two methods. The results were expressed in mm (not in degrees), in order to be a further surgical reference. RESULTS: There was a significant size difference in the analyzed sacral vertebra, differing on a wider size in men than in women. There was no significant statistical difference between vertebral size and age. By both methods, a safe area for screw insertion could be defined. CONCLUSION: Age does not influence the width of the surgical corridor. The surgeon has a safe corridor considered narrower when inserting screws in a female pelvis than when in a male one. However, as the smallest vertebra found (feminine) was considered for statics, it was concluded that this corridor is 20 mm wide in any direction, taking as a reference the centrum of the vertebra.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Lesões pélvicas posteriores, especialmente da articulação sacro-ilíaca, têm alta mortalidade e morbidade. Fixação definitiva é necessária para estabilização, parafusos percutâneos são uma opção no sacro. Estruturas nobres próximas à região trazem riscos à fixação. Assim, é importante conhecer a anatomia tridimensional da região posterior da pelve. Desvios da mão do cirurgião da ordem de 4º podem direcionar os parafusos àquelas estruturas; dismorfismos do sacro superior e redução ruim da lesão podem contribuir para mau posicionamento dos parafusos. Este estudo objetiva avaliar as dimensões do corredor de segurança para inserção segura de parafuso iliossacral e relações com sexo e idade dos pacientes. MÉTODOS: Selecionadas randomicamente 100 tomografias computadorizadas de pelve de pacientes sem doenças pélvicas, atendidos em hospital terciário de ensino. Feitas medições por computador, calculada por dois métodos a área mais segura para inserção de parafusos, resultado expresso em mm (não em graus), para ser mais uma referência cirúrgica. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa no tamanho da vértebra sacral analisada, que tem volume maior em homens do que em mulheres. Não houve significância estatística entre tamanho vertebral e idade. Encontrou-se pelos dois métodos área segura para inserção de parafusos. Conclusões: A idade não influencia o tamanho do corredor. O cirurgião tem um corredor de segurança considerado menor ao inserir parafusos em uma pelve feminina do que masculina. Porém, como foi considerada para estatística a menor vértebra encontrada (feminina), concluiu-se que esse corredor é de 20 mm em qualquer direção, a tomar-se como referência o centro vertebral.

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          Acute Pelvic Fractures: I. Causation and Classification

          Acute pelvic fractures are potentially lethal, even with modern techniques of poly-trauma care. The appropriate treatment of such fractures is dependent on a thorough understanding of the anatomic features of the pelvic region and the biomechanical basis of the various types of lesions. Although the anterior structures, the symphysis pubis and the pubic rami, contribute approximately 40% to the stiffness of the pelvis, clinical and biomechanical studies have shown that the posterior sacroiliac complex is more important to pelvic-ring stability. Therefore, the classification of pelvic fractures is based on the stability of the posterior lesion. In type A fractures, the pelvic ring is stable. The partially stable type B lesions, such as "open-book" and "bucket-handle" fractures, are caused by external- and internal-rotation forces, respectively. In type C injuries, there is complete disruption of the posterior sacroiliac complex. These unstable fractures are almost always caused by high-energy severe trauma associated with motor vehicle accidents, falls from a height, or crushing injuries. Type A and type B fractures make up 70% to 80% of all pelvic injuries. Because of the complexity of injuries that most often result in acute pelvic fractures, they should be considered in the context of polytrauma management, rather than in isolation. Any classification system must therefore be seen only as a general guide to treatment. The management of each patient requires careful, individualized decision making.
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            Treatment of unstable posterior pelvic ring fracture with percutaneous reconstruction plate and percutaneous sacroiliac screws: a comparative study.

            The aim of this study is to compare the clinical effects of percutaneous reconstruction plate and percutaneous sacroiliac screws in treatment of unstable posterior pelvic ring fracture. Fifty-eight patients with unstable posterior pelvic ring fracture treated with two methods from March 2002 to October 2007 were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups according to two kinds of internal fixation: percutaneous reconstruction plate (20 males and 9 females, at mean age 37.3 ± 11.3 years) and percutaneous sacroiliac screws (21 males and 8 females, at mean age 39.3 ± 10.4 years). Causes of injury included traffic accident in 38 patients, fall from height in 17, and crush in 3. The correlative data of operation duration, number of X-ray exposures, intraoperative bleeding volume, length of incision, Majeed postoperative functional evaluation, and postoperative complications were analyzed statistically. All 58 patients were followed up for 12-36 months (mean duration 21.3 months). There was statistical difference for operation duration, number of X-ray exposures, size of incision, and intraoperative bleeding volume between the two groups. Majeed postoperative functional evaluation indicated excellent and good rates of 86.1% for percutaneous reconstruction plate and 88.2% for percutaneous sacroiliac screws. The clinical effect of the two methods is similar in treatment of Tile C pattern posterior pelvic ring fracture. However, the percutaneous reconstruction plate has lower risk of damaging nerves and blood vessels than the percutaneous sacroiliac screws. Moreover, intraoperative fluoroscopy is rarely performed.
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              Sacroiliac joints: anatomical variants on CT.

              The purpose of this work was to examine the type and prevalence of anatomical variants of the sacroiliac joints (SJs) in patients without SJ disease on CT examinations. The study comprised 534 consecutive patients undergoing pelvic CT with various indications not related to diseases that could involve the SJ. Images printed on bone window settings were evaluated with reference to any deviation from the usual appearance of the SJ. Physical data and history of low back pain were recorded in each patient. Six types of anatomical variants were observed: accessory joints in 102 patients (19.1%), "iliosacral complex" in 31 (5.8%), bipartite iliac bony plate in 22 (4.1%), crescent-like iliac bony plate in 20 (3.7%), semicircular defects at the sacral or iliac side in 16 (3%), and ossification centers in 3 patients (0.6%). Accessory joints were more common in obese than in normal-weight individuals (p < 0.05) and in older than younger (<60 years) patients (p < 0.001) and presented degenerative alterations especially in patients with episodes of low back pain. Three of these variants (iliosacral complex, bipartite iliac bony plate, and crescent-like iliac bony plate) had higher incidence in women than in men (p < 0.05) and were not associated with degenerative changes. Knowledge of the normal variations in the SJ appearance broadens the understanding of SJ anatomy, facilitating image interpretation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbort
                Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia
                Rev. bras. ortop.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (São Paulo )
                1982-4378
                August 2013
                : 48
                : 4
                : 348-356
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital Regional de Presidente Prudente Brazil
                Article
                S0102-36162013000400348
                10.1016/j.rbo.2013.04.002
                87c76b2a-97aa-41ad-947e-a3f3f3a6b5e8

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0102-3616&lng=en
                Categories
                ORTHOPEDICS

                Orthopedics
                Bone screws,Fracture fixation,Fracture fixation, internal,Ilium,Pelvic bones,Sacrum,Fixacao de fratura,Fixacao interna de fraturas,Ilio,Ossos pelvicos,Parafusos osseos,Sacro

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