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      Análisis prospectivo sobre incidencia acumulada de delirio en el posoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca Translated title: Prospective analysis of cumulative incidence of delirium in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery

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          Abstract

          Resumen Fundamento: el delirio es un síndrome de diagnóstico clínico que afecta a un importante porcentaje de pacientes que cursan posoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca, pudiendo desencadenar consecuencias negativas. A pesar de su elevada incidencia se encuentra subdiagnosticado. En Uruguay no existen datos de injuria encefálica aguda a modo de delirio en el posoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, con elementos analíticos en una cohorte de 93 pacientes consecutivos a quienes se les realizó cirugía cardíaca durante el período comprendido entre el 25 de julio de 2016 y el 27 de setiembre de 2016. Se realizó el análisis en dos etapas del posoperatorio. Etapa 1: despertar anestésico, con delirio versus sin delirio; y etapa 2: durante la internación desde el período posextubación hasta el alta sanatorial, con delirio versus sin delirio. Para la evaluación se utilizó la escala de sedación Ramsay y la escala CAM (Confussion Assesment Method). El trabajo estadístico se realizó mediante análisis univariado, prueba U Mann Whitney y prueba de t. Resultados: la incidencia de delirio al despertar fue de 51,6% y estuvo relacionada con estadía más prolongada en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) (82,3 ± 72,1 vs 54,5 ± 19,9 horas (p=0,02)). La incidencia de delirio luego de la extubación hasta el alta sanatorial fue de 41,9%, siendo este grupo de pacientes más añosos, con edad de 69,3 ± 10,1 vs 60,9 ± 10 años (p ?0,001); tuvieron mayor tiempo de asistencia respiratoria mecánica 11,47 ± 12,68 vs 7,49 ± 6,11 horas (p=0,019), y una mayor estadía en UCI: 87,9 ± 78,3 vs 55,1 ± 20,7 horas (p=0,003). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las demás variables analizadas. Conclusiones: la incidencia acumulada de delirio fue de 51,6% al despertar y de 41,9% durante la internación desde el período posextubación. La presencia de delirio al despertar se asoció con mayor estadía en UCI. Luego de la extubación, la presencia de delirio se asoció a mayor edad, mayor tiempo de asistencia respiratoria mecánica y estadía más prolongada en UCI.

          Translated abstract

          Summary Background: delirium is a clinical diagnosis syndrome that affects a significant percentage of patients who undergo postoperative cardiac surgery, which may lead to negative consequences. Despite its high incidence, it is underdiagnosed. In Uruguay, there is no data on acute encephalic injury as a delirium in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. Methods: a prospective, descriptive study with analytical elements was carried out. A cohort of 93 consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery during the period from July 25, 2016 to September 27, 2016 was included. The analysis was made in two stages. The first stage was during the anesthetic awakening, with two possible outcomes: with delirium vs. without delirium. The second stage was during the hospitalization from the post-extubation period to hospital discharge: with delirium vs. without delirium. For the evaluation, the Ramsay sedation scale and the Confussion Assesment Method (CAM) scale were used. Statistical analysis was performed using a univariate analysis, Mann Whitney U Test and t Test. Results: the incidence of delirium on awakening was 51.6% and was related to longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay (82.3 ± 72.1 vs 54.5 ± 19.9 hours (p = 0.02)). The incidence of delirium during hospitalization from the post-extubation period to hospital discharge was 41.9%. This group of patients was more aged on average (with ages of 69.3 ± 10.1 vs 60.9 ± 10 years (p ? 0.001)), had a longer time in mechanical ventilation (11.47 ± 12.68 vs 7.49 ± 6.11 hours (p = 0.019)) and a longer ICU stay: (87.9 ± 78.3 vs 55.1 ± 20.7 hours (p = 0.003)). No significant differences were found in the other variables analyzed. Conclusions The cumulative incidence of delirium was 51.6% on awaking and 41.9% during hospitalization from the post-extubation period to hospital discharge. The presence of delirium on awakening was associated with longer ICU stay. In the second stage, the presence of delirium was associated with older age, longer time of mechanical ventilation and longer stay in ICU.

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          Delirium in older persons.

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            Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation Investigators.

            Acute changes in cerebral function after elective coronary bypass surgery is a difficult clinical problem. We carried out a multicenter study to determine the incidence and predictors of -- and the use of resources associated with -- perioperative adverse neurologic events, including cerebral injury. In a prospective study, we evaluated 2108 patients from 24 U.S. institutions for two general categories of neurologic outcome: type I (focal injury, or stupor or coma at discharge) and type II (deterioration in intellectual function, memory deficit, or seizures). Adverse cerebral outcomes occurred in 129 patients (6.1 percent). A total of 3.1 percent had type I neurologic outcomes (8 died of cerebral injury, 55 had nonfatal strokes, 2 had transient ischemic attacks, and 1 had stupor), and 3.0 percent had type II outcomes (55 had deterioration of intellectual function and 8 had seizures). Patients with adverse cerebral outcomes had higher in-hospital mortality (21 percent of patients with type I outcomes died, vs. 10 percent of those with type II and 2 percent of those with no adverse cerebral outcome; P<0.001 for all comparisons), longer hospitalization (25 days with type I outcomes, 21 days with type II, and 10 days with no adverse outcome; P<0.001), and a higher rate of discharge to facilities for intermediate- or long-term care (69 percent, 39 percent, and 10 percent ; P<0.001). Predictors of type I outcomes were proximal aortic atherosclerosis, a history of neurologic disease, and older age; predictors of type II outcomes were older age, systolic hypertension on admission, pulmonary disease, and excessive consumption of alcohol. Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery are relatively common and serious; they are associated with substantial increases in mortality, length of hospitalization, and use of intermediate- or long-term care facilities. New diagnostic and therapeutic strategies must be developed to lessen such injury.
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              Derivation and validation of a preoperative prediction rule for delirium after cardiac surgery.

              Delirium is a common outcome after cardiac surgery. Delirium prediction rules identify patients at risk for delirium who may benefit from targeted prevention strategies, early identification, and treatment of underlying causes. The purpose of the present prospective study was to develop a prediction rule for delirium in a cardiac surgery cohort and to validate it in an independent cohort. Prospectively, cardiac surgery patients > or =60 years of age were enrolled in a derivation sample (n=122) and then a validation sample (n=109). Beginning on the second postoperative day, patients underwent a standardized daily delirium assessment, and delirium was diagnosed according to the confusion assessment method. Delirium occurred in 63 (52%) of the derivation cohort patients. Multivariable analysis identified 4 variables independently associated with delirium: prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, Mini Mental State Examination score, abnormal serum albumin, and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Points were assigned to each variable: Mini Mental State Examination 4, prior stroke/transient ischemic attack, and abnormal albumin received 1 point each. In the derivation sample, the cumulative incidence of delirium for point levels of 0, 1, 2, and > or =3 was 19%, 47%, 63%, and 86%, respectively (C statistic, 0.74). The corresponding incidence of delirium in the validation sample was 18%, 43%, 60%, and 87%, respectively (C statistic, 0.75). Delirium occurs frequently after cardiac surgery. Using 4 preoperative characteristics, clinicians can determine cardiac surgery patients' risk for delirium. Patients at higher delirium risk could be candidates for close postoperative monitoring and interventions to prevent delirium.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ruc
                Revista Uruguaya de Cardiología
                Rev.Urug.Cardiol.
                Sociedad Uruguaya de Cardiología (Montevideo, , Uruguay )
                0797-0048
                1688-0420
                August 2017
                : 32
                : 2
                : 150-157
                Affiliations
                [1] Montevideo orgnameCentro Cardiovascular Casa de Galicia orgdiv1Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular del Uruguay Uruguay silvanadotti4@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1688-04202017000200150
                884ca689-f027-4808-aa09-351f26934ccb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 June 2017
                : 09 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Uruguay


                incidencia,período posoperatorio,delirium,sedation,cardiac surgery,postoperative period,incidence,delirio,sedación,cirugía cardíaca

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