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      Participación del hipotálamo en la regulación de la presión arterial en un modelo de hipertensión e insulinorresistencia Translated title: Role of the Hypothalamus in Blood Pressure Regulation in a Model of Hypertension and Insulin Resistance

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          Abstract

          Objetivo Evaluar el papel del área hipotalámica anterior en la regulación de la presión arterial en un modelo en ratas de hipertensión arterial (HTA) e insulinorresistencia. Material y métodos Se utilizaron ratas Sprague-Dawley macho (n = 72) que fueron divididas en dos grupos: F, fructosa (10% p/v por 6 semanas) y C, grupo control. Se canuló la arteria carótida izquierda para la medición de la presión arterial media (PAM) y la frecuencia cardíaca (FC). Se colocó una sonda de microdiálisis en el área hipotalámica anterior (AHA) para la perfusión de yohimbina (10 y 100 µg/ml) o de clonidina (100 y 300 µg/ml), antagonista y agonista α2- adrenérgicos, respectivamente, y se evaluaron los cambios hemodinámicos. Resultados Los animales del grupo F presentaron niveles mayores de presión arterial sistólica que los del grupo C (F: 131 ± 3 mm Hg versus C: 112 ± 4 mm Hg; p < 0,05). La perfusión intrahipotalámica de yohimbina indujo un incremento en la PAM en C, en tanto que no modificó los valores en F. No se encontraron cambios en la FC en ninguno de los grupos. La clonidina en dosis de 100 µg/ml indujo una disminución de la PAM sólo en F, mientras que en dosis de 300 µg/ml la disminuyó en ambos grupos y fue mayor en F que en C. Sólo la clonidina en dosis de 300 µg/ml disminuyó la FC en el grupo F, sin modificar los valores en C. Conclusiones Existiría un tono α2-adrenérgico menor en el AHA de las ratas F, que podría relacionarse con el incremento de la presión arterial presente en este grupo. Por otra parte, la respuesta exacerbada a la clonidina en F evidenciaría la existencia de una supersensibilidad de receptores adrenérgicos hipotalámicos, posiblemente como consecuencia de niveles extracelulares reducidos de noradrenalina en el AHA en este modelo de HTA e insulinorresistencia.

          Translated abstract

          Objective To assess the role of the anterior hypothalamic area in blood pressure regulation in a rat model of hypertension (HTN) and insulin resistance. Material and Methods Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided in two groups, F: fructose group (10% p/v for 6 weeks) and C: control group. The left carotid artery was cannulated to measure mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR). A microdialysis probe was placed in the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) to perfuse yohimbine (10 and 100 µg/ml) or clonidine (100 and 300 µg/ml), an α2-adrenergic antagonist and agonist, respectively; subsequently, hemodynamic changes were assessed. Results Animals in group F had higher systolic blood pressures than animals in group C (F: 131 ± 3 mm Hg versus C: 112 ± 4 mm Hg; p < 0.05). Intrahypothalamic perfusion of yohimbine induced an increase in MBP in group C, whereas values were unchanged in group F. No changes in HR were noted in any of the two groups. Clonidine at a dose of 100 µg/ml induced a decrease in MBP only in group F, whereas the dose of 300 µg/ml induced a decrease in both groups and was greater in F than in C. Only clonidine at a dose of 300 µg/ml decreased HR in group F, while values in group C were unchanged. Conclusions The á2-adrenergic tone would be lower in the AHA of rats in group F, which might be related to the increase in blood pressure seen in that group. Also, the excessive response to clonidine in group F would support the presence of supersensitivity in hypothalamic adrenergic receptors, possibly as a consequence of reduced extracellular levels of noradrenaline in the AHA in this model of HTN and insulin resistance.

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          Fructose-induced insulin resistance and hypertension in rats.

          To determine if hypertension could be produced in normal rats by feeding them a fructose-enriched diet, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either normal chow or a diet containing 66% fructose as a percentage of total calories for approximately 2 weeks. At the end of this period systolic blood pressure had increased from 124 +/- 2 to 145 +/- 2 (SEM) mm Hg in the fructose-fed rats, whereas no change occurred in the control group. In addition, hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia were associated with hypertension in fructose-fed rats. The addition of clonidine to the drinking water inhibited fructose-induced hypertension, but not the increase in plasma insulin or triglyceride concentration seen in fructose-fed rats. Thus, the metabolic changes associated with fructose-induced hypertension are unlikely to be secondary to an increase in sympathetic activity. Whether or not this is also true of the hypertension remains to be clarified.
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            Sympathetic augmentation in hypertension: role of nerve firing, norepinephrine reuptake, and Angiotensin neuromodulation.

            There is growing evidence that essential hypertension is commonly neurogenic and is initiated and sustained by sympathetic nervous system overactivity. Potential mechanisms include increased central sympathetic outflow, altered norepinephrine (NE) neuronal reuptake, diminished arterial baroreflex dampening of sympathetic nerve traffic, and sympathetic neuromodulation by angiotensin II. To address this issue, we used microneurography and radiotracer dilution methodology to measure regional sympathetic activity in 22 hypertensive patients and 11 normotensive control subjects. The NE transport inhibitor desipramine was infused to directly assess the potential role of impaired neuronal NE reuptake. To evaluate possible angiotensin sympathetic neuromodulation, the relation of arterial and coronary sinus plasma concentrations of angiotensin II to sympathetic activity was investigated. Hypertensive patients displayed increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity and elevated total systemic, cardiac, and renal NE spillover. Cardiac neuronal NE reuptake was decreased in hypertensive subjects. In response to desipramine, both the reduction of fractional transcardiac 3[H]NE extraction and the increase in cardiac NE spillover were less pronounced in hypertensive patients. DNA sequencing analysis of the NE transporter gene revealed no mutations that could account for reduced transporter activity. Arterial baroreflex control of sympathetic nerve traffic was not diminished in hypertensive subjects. Angiotensin II plasma concentrations were similar in both groups and were not related to indexes of sympathetic activation. Increased rates of sympathetic nerve firing and reduced neuronal NE reuptake both contribute to sympathetic activation in hypertension, whereas a role for dampened arterial baroreflex restraint on sympathetic nerve traffic and a peripheral neuromodulating influence of angiotensin II appear to be excluded.
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              Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its complication

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
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                Journal
                rac
                Revista argentina de cardiología
                Rev. argent. cardiol.
                Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                1850-3748
                April 2007
                : 75
                : 2
                : 117-123
                Affiliations
                [01] Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica orgdiv2Cátedra de Farmacología Argentina
                [02] orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica orgdiv2Cátedra de Anatomía Macro y Microscópica
                [05] orgnameCONICET
                [03] orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica orgdiv2Cátedra de Farmacotecnia I
                [04] orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica orgdiv2Cátedra de Fisiopatología
                Article
                S1850-37482007000200007
                88ae579d-3b2a-4df2-9214-cf3e91a245dc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 March 2007
                : 27 December 2006
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Argentina


                Receptores adrenérgicos,Hypertension,Hypothalamus,Fructose,Receptors,Adrenergic,Microdialysis,Hipertensión,Hipotálamo,Fructosa,Microdiálisis

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