Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and trichomonal vaginitis among reproductive-aged women seeking primary healthcare in Sana’a city, Yemen

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Abstract

Background

In Yemen, the underlying causes of infectious vaginitis have been neglected. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and trichomonal vaginitis (TV) among non-pregnant reproductive-aged women.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 347 non-pregnant reproductive-aged women seeking primary healthcare in Sana’a city, Yemen. Data about sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle-related behaviors, routine hygienic practices, menstrual care and history and type of contraceptive intake were collected using a structured questionnaire. Vaginal discharge samples were collected and examined for discharge characteristics and pH by a gynecologist. Then, samples were examined for BV, VVC and TV. Data were analyzed using suitable statistical tests.

Results

Vaginal infections were prevalent among 37.6% of reproductive-aged women, where BV was the most prevalent (27.2%). VVC was significantly higher among symptomatic women and significantly associated with itching ( P = 0.005). Using bivariate analysis, the age of < 25 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–3.10; P = 0.010) and using intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.09–2.89; P = 0.020) were significantly associated with BV, while history of miscarriage was significantly associated with a lower risk of BV (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.31–0.85, P = 0.009). However, polygyny was significantly associated with VVC (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.33–8.66; P = 0.007). Multivariable analysis confirmed that age of < 25 years and using IUCD were the independent predictors of BV, while history of miscarriage was an independent protective factor against BV. On the other hand, marriage to a polygamous husband was the independent predictor of VVC.

Conclusions

More than a third of non-pregnant reproductive-aged women seeking PHC in Sana’a have single or mixed infections with BV, VVC or TV. BV is the most frequent cause of vaginitis and is significantly associated with the age of < 25 years and using IUCDs, while VVC is significantly higher among women with polygamous husbands. Health education of polygamous husbands and their wives, regular monitoring of BV among IUCD users and screening women for vaginitis before treatment are recommended .

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Most cited references 62

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Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations.

R Amsel, P Totten, C A Spiegel … (1983)

Numerous previous studies of nonspecific vaginitis have yielded contradictory results regarding its cause and clinical manifestations, due to a lack of uniform case definition and laboratory methods. We studied 397 consecutive unselected female university students and applied sets of well defined criteria to distinguish nonspecific vaginitis from other forms of vaginitis and from normal findings. Using such criteria, we diagnosed nonspecific vaginitis in up to 25 percent of our study population; asymptomatic disease was recognized in more than 50 percent of those with nonspecific vaginitis. A clinical diagnosis of nonspecific vaginitis, based on simple office procedures, was correlated with both the presence and the concentration of Gardnerella vaginalis (Hemophilus vaginalis) in vaginal discharge, and with characteristic biochemical findings in vaginal discharge. Nonspecific vaginitis was also correlated with a history of sexual activity, a history of previous trichomoniasis, current use of nonbarrier contraceptive methods, and, particularly, use of an intrauterine device. G. vaginalis was isolated from 51.3 percent of the total population using a highly selective medium that detected the organism in lower concentration in vaginal discharge than did previously used media. Practical diagnostic criteria for standard clinical use are proposed. Application of such criteria should assist in clinical management of nonspecific vaginitis and in further study of the microbiologic and biochemical correlates and the pathogenesis of this mild but quite prevalent disease.

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Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review

David W. Denning, Matthew Kneale, Jack D. Sobel … (2018)

Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis is a debilitating, long-term condition that can severely affect the quality of life of affected women. No estimates of the global prevalence or lifetime incidence of this disease have been reported. For this systematic review, we searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for population-based studies published between 1985 and 2016 that reported on the prevalence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, defined as four or more episodes of the infection every year. We identified 489 unique articles, of which eight were included, consisting of 17 365 patients from 11 countries. We generated estimates of annual global prevalence, estimated lifetime incidence and economic loss due to recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, and predicted the number of women at risk to 2030. Worldwide, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis affects about 138 million women annually (range 103-172 million), with a global annual prevalence of 3871 per 100 000 women; 372 million women are affected by recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis over their lifetime. The 25-34 year age group has the highest prevalence (9%). By 2030, the population of women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis each year is estimated to increase to almost 158 million, resulting in 20 240 664 extra cases with current trends using base case estimates in parallel with an estimated growth in females from 3·34 billion to 4·181 billion. In high-income countries, the economic burden from lost productivity could be up to US$14·39 billion annually. The high prevalence, substantial morbidity, and economic losses of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis require better solutions and improved quality of care for affected women.

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The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review.

Chris Richard Kenyon, Tania Crucitti, Robert Colebunders (2013)

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) enhances the acquisition and transmission of a range of sexually transmitted infections including human immunodeficiency virus. This has made it more important to uncover the reasons why some populations have very high BV prevalences and others not. This systematic review describes the global epidemiology of BV. It summarizes data from peer-reviewed publications detailing the population prevalence of BV as diagnosed by a standardized and reproducible methodology-Nugent scoring system. BV variations between countries, and between ethnic groups within countries, are described. We evaluated 1692 English- and non-English-language articles describing the prevalence of BV using MEDLINE and the Web of Science databases. A total of 86 articles met our inclusion criteria. BV prevalences were found to vary considerably between ethnic groups in North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Although BV prevalence is, in general, highest in parts of Africa and lowest in much of Asia and Europe, some populations in Africa have very low BV prevalences and some in Asia and Europe have high rates. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Maha Abdul-Aziz: m.abdulaziz2@ust.edu

Mohammed A. K. Mahdy:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-5219

alsharaby9@yahoo.com

Rashad Abdul-Ghani: rashadqb@yahoo.com

Nuha A. Alhilali: Nuha.alhilali@gmail.com

Leena K. A. Al-Mujahed: Leena1995khaled@gmail.com

Salma A. Alabsi: Salmadel95@gmail.com

Fatima A. M. Al-Shawish: f.alshawish12@gmail.com

Noura J. M. Alsarari: Nourajaber25@gmail.com

Wala Bamashmos: wala.bamashmos@gmail.com

Shahad J. H. Abdulwali: Shoshoalmedhaji@icloud.com

Mahdi Al Karawani: msmahdisaad@gmail.com

Abdullah A. Almikhlafy: mikhlafyab@ust.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Infect Dis

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Infect. Dis

Title: BMC Infectious Diseases

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2334

Publication date (Electronic): 22 October 2019

Publication date PMC-release: 22 October 2019

Publication date Collection: 2019

Volume: 19

Electronic Location Identifier: 879

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.444917.b, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, , University of Science and Technology, ; Sana’a, Yemen

[2 ]GRID grid.444917.b, Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, , University of Science and Technology, ; Sana’a, Yemen

[3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2299 4112, GRID grid.412413.1, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, , Sana’a University, ; Sana’a, Yemen

[4 ]GRID grid.444917.b, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, , University of Science and Technology, ; Sana’a, Yemen

[5 ]GRID grid.444917.b, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, , University of Science and Technology, ; Sana’a, Yemen

Author information

Mohammed A. K. Mahdy http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-5219

Article

Publisher ID: 4549

DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4549-3

PMC ID: 6805389

PubMed ID: 31640583

SO-VID: 89713e59-f3c4-4a6d-aa93-000f344585d9

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 8 August 2019

Date accepted : 9 October 2019

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology

Keywords: bacterial vaginosis,vulvovaginal candidiasis,trichomonal vaginitis,vaginitis,reproductive-aged women,yemen

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology

Keywords: bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomonal vaginitis, vaginitis, reproductive-aged women, yemen

Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and trichomonal vaginitis among reproductive-aged women seeking primary healthcare in Sana’a city, Yemen

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Abstract

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Conclusions

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Bacterial vaginosis and biofilm

Most cited references 62

Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations.

Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review

The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review.

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