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      Resultados de un seguimiento educativo a personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y sobrepeso u obesidad Translated title: Results of educational follow-up of persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overweight/obesity

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          Abstract

          El presente trabajo muestra los resultados de un seguimiento educativo a personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y sobrepeso corporal u obesidad, realizado como continuidad del estudio latinoamericano PEDNID-LA, con el objetivo de evaluar, en forma prospectiva, los cambios clínicos, bioquímicos y terapéuticos obtenidos después de participar en un programa de educación grupal con metodología interactiva. El estudio incluyó 40 pacientes no insulino dependientes, obesos o en sobrepeso y preferentemente de reciente inicio de la enfermedad, seleccionados en orden cronológico de asistencia a la consulta ambulatoria. Se estableció una consulta interactiva trimestral, donde cuidados y educación se desarrollaban como una unidad, y el contenido educativo iba surgiendo de las necesidades reales y sentidas del grupo, lo que se centró en promover la participación activa del paciente y aumentar la adhesión al tratamiento, con prioridad del plan de alimentación, la actividad física, la reducción del peso corporal y el automonitoreo de glucosa en orina, tal como se había hecho con otros grupos de personas con diabetes. Los conocimientos sobre diabetes se midieron en cuestionarios idénticos diseñados en el protocolo general multicéntrico del estudio PEDNID-LA y aplicados al inicio y final de dicho estudio y a los 4 años del seguimiento interactivo. El resto de las variables fueron valoradas antes, después del año del estudio PEDNID-LA y a los 4 años del seguimiento interactivo. Los datos fueron procesados mediante el uso del programa Epi-Info. Las diferencias estadísticas se determinaron por prueba de Chi cuadrado, y se aceptó p < 0,05 como criterio de significación. Entre los principales resultados se encontró un aumento significativo de los conocimientos sobre la enfermedad y una disminución del peso corporal, de los síntomas clásicos de la enfermedad y de la dosis diaria de hipoglucemiantes orales. Los niveles medios de hemoglobina glucosilada, al final del estudio, habían mejorado significativamente. En conclusión se comprobó, una vez más, la influencia de la intervención educativa en la mejor comprensión y adhesión al tratamiento, así como su traducción en la normalización de indicadores clínicos, bioquímicos y terapéuticos.

          Translated abstract

          The present paper showed the results of educational follow-up of persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overweight/obesity carried out as part of the Latin American study PEDNID-LA, with the objective of prospectively evaluating the clinical, biological and therapeutic changes after their participation in a group educational program with interactive methodology. The study comprised 40 non-insulin dependent, obese or overweighed patients chronologically selected according to their date of attendance to ambulatory service and preferably with recent onset of disease. Interactive medical appointment was set every three months where care and education combined and educational contents was emerging from the real perceived needs of the group, which centered on the promotion of active participation of the patients and increased compliance with the treatment, giving priority to meal planning, exercising, reduction of body weight and self-monitoring of urine glucose as it has been applied to other groups of diabetic persons. Knowledge on diabetes was measured in similar questionnaires designed in the general multicenter protocol of the PEDNID-LA study and they were applied at the beginning and at the end of the study and at 4 years of the interactive follow-up. The rest of variables were assessed before, after a year of the PEDNID-LA study and after 4 years of the interactive follow-up. Software Epi-Info processed data; Chi-Square test determined statistical differences and accepted significance criteria was set at p< 0,05. The main results included a significant rise of knowledge on the disease and the reduction of body weight, of classical symptoms of the disease and of daily dosage of oral hypoglycemic drugs. The average levels of glycosylated hemoglobin at the end of the study had substantially improved. On balance, it was confirmed once again that educational intervention brings about better understanding and greater compliance with the treatment as well as normalization of clinical, biochemical and therapeutic indicators.

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          Most cited references44

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          Effectiveness of interventions to improve patient compliance: a meta-analysis.

          This article summarizes the results of 153 studies published between 1977 and 1994 that evaluated the effectiveness of interventions to improve patient compliance with medical regimens. The compliance interventions were classified by theoretical focus into educational, behavioral, and affective categories within which specific intervention strategies were further distinguished. The compliance indicators broadly represent five classes of compliance-related assessments: (1) health outcomes (eg, blood pressure and hospitalization), (2) direct indicators (eg, urine and blood tracers and weight change), (3) indirect indicators (eg, pill count and refill records), (4) subjective report (eg, patients' or others' reports), and (5) utilization (appointment making and keeping and use of preventive services). An effect size (ES) r, defined as Fisher's Z transformation of the Pearson correlation coefficient, representing the association between each intervention (intervention versus control) and compliance measure was calculated. Both an unweighted and weighted r were calculated because of large sample size variation, and a combined probability across studies was calculated. The interventions produced significant effects for all the compliance indicators (combined Z values more than 5 and less than 32), with the magnitude of effects ranging from small to large. The largest effects (unweighted) were evident for refill records and pill counts and in blood/urine and weight change studies. Although smaller in magnitude, compliance effects were evident for improved health outcomes and utilization. Chronic disease patients, including those with diabetes and hypertension, as well as cancer patients and those with mental health problems especially benefited from interventions. No single strategy or programmatic focus showed any clear advantage compared with another. Comprehensive interventions combining cognitive, behavioral, and affective components were more effective than single-focus interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                end
                Revista Cubana de Endocrinología
                Rev Cubana Endocrinol
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-2953
                December 2003
                : 14
                : 3
                : 0
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología. Cuba
                Article
                S1561-29532003000300004
                8a75054f-e106-4298-8848-33700128f7e1

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1561-2953&lng=en
                Categories
                ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Type 2 diabetes,overweight,obesity,therapeutic education,Diabetes tipo 2,sobrepeso,obesidad,educación terapéutica

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