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      Silver nanoparticles are broad-spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compounds

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          Abstract

          The advance in nanotechnology has enabled us to utilize particles in the size of the nanoscale. This has created new therapeutic horizons, and in the case of silver, the currently available data only reveals the surface of the potential benefits and the wide range of applications. Interactions between viral biomolecules and silver nanoparticles suggest that the use of nanosystems may contribute importantly for the enhancement of current prevention of infection and antiviral therapies. Recently, it has been suggested that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) bind with external membrane of lipid enveloped virus to prevent the infection. Nevertheless, the interaction of AgNPs with viruses is a largely unexplored field. AgNPs has been studied particularly on HIV where it was demonstrated the mechanism of antiviral action of the nanoparticles as well as the inhibition the transmission of HIV-1 infection in human cervix organ culture. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of the biocidal mechanisms of action of silver Nanoparticles.

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          Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticle? A study of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli.

          Sukdeb Pal, Yu Tak, Joon Myong Song (2007)
          In this work we investigated the antibacterial properties of differently shaped silver nanoparticles against the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, both in liquid systems and on agar plates. Energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy images revealed considerable changes in the cell membranes upon treatment, resulting in cell death. Truncated triangular silver nanoplates with a {111} lattice plane as the basal plane displayed the strongest biocidal action, compared with spherical and rod-shaped nanoparticles and with Ag(+) (in the form of AgNO(3)). It is proposed that nanoscale size and the presence of a {111} plane combine to promote this biocidal property. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study on the bactericidal properties of silver nanoparticles of different shapes, and our results demonstrate that silver nanoparticles undergo a shape-dependent interaction with the gram-negative organism E. coli.
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            Strain specificity in antimicrobial activity of silver and copper nanoparticles.

            Jayesh P Ruparelia, Arup Chatterjee, Siddhartha P Duttagupta … (2008)
            The antimicrobial properties of silver and copper nanoparticles were investigated using Escherichia coli (four strains), Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (three strains). The average sizes of the silver and copper nanoparticles were 3 nm and 9 nm, respectively, as determined through transmission electron microscopy. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectra of silver and copper nanoparticles revealed that while silver was in its pure form, an oxide layer existed on the copper nanoparticles. The bactericidal effect of silver and copper nanoparticles were compared based on diameter of inhibition zone in disk diffusion tests and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of nanoparticles dispersed in batch cultures. Bacterial sensitivity to nanoparticles was found to vary depending on the microbial species. Disk diffusion studies with E. coli and S. aureus revealed greater effectiveness of the silver nanoparticles compared to the copper nanoparticles. B. subtilis depicted the highest sensitivity to nanoparticles compared to the other strains and was more adversely affected by the copper nanoparticles. Good correlation was observed between MIC and MBC (r2=0.98) measured in liquid cultures. For copper nanoparticles a good negative correlation was observed between the inhibition zone observed in disk diffusion test and MIC/MBC determined based on liquid cultures with the various strains (r2=-0.75). Although strain-specific variation in MIC/MBC was negligible for S. aureus, some strain-specific variation was observed for E. coli.
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              Interaction of silver nanoparticles with HIV-1

              Jose Elechiguerra, Justin Burt, Jose Morones … (2005)
              The interaction of nanoparticles with biomolecules and microorganisms is an expanding field of research. Within this field, an area that has been largely unexplored is the interaction of metal nanoparticles with viruses. In this work, we demonstrate that silver nanoparticles undergo a size-dependent interaction with HIV-1, with nanoparticles exclusively in the range of 1–10 nm attached to the virus. The regular spatial arrangement of the attached nanoparticles, the center-to-center distance between nanoparticles, and the fact that the exposed sulfur-bearing residues of the glycoprotein knobs would be attractive sites for nanoparticle interaction suggest that silver nanoparticles interact with the HIV-1 virus via preferential binding to the gp120 glycoprotein knobs. Due to this interaction, silver nanoparticles inhibit the virus from binding to host cells, as demonstrated in vitro.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Nanobiotechnology
                Title: Journal of Nanobiotechnology
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1477-3155
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 August 2011
                Volume: 9
                Page: 30
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Life Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA
                [2 ]Laboratorio de Terapia Celular, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Mexico
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1477-3155-9-30
                DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-9-30
                PMC ID: 3199605
                PubMed ID: 21812950
                SO-VID: 8a91128d-dfb1-4234-af20-50baa0a36760
                Copyright © Copyright ©2011 Lara et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 11 May 2011
                Date accepted : 3 August 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology
                Keywords: silver nanoparticles,hiv/aids,bactericides,virucides,antibacterial agents
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology
                Keywords: silver nanoparticles, hiv/aids, bactericides, virucides, antibacterial agents

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