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      The Macroecology of Airborne Pollen in Australian and New Zealand Urban Areas

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          Abstract

          The composition and relative abundance of airborne pollen in urban areas of Australia and New Zealand are strongly influenced by geographical location, climate and land use. There is mounting evidence that the diversity and quality of airborne pollen is substantially modified by climate change and land-use yet there are insufficient data to project the future nature of these changes. Our study highlights the need for long-term aerobiological monitoring in Australian and New Zealand urban areas in a systematic, standardised, and sustained way, and provides a framework for targeting the most clinically significant taxa in terms of abundance, allergenic effects and public health burden.

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          Most cited references24

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          Impacts of climate change on aeroallergens: past and future.

          P Beggs (2004)
          Human activities are resulting in increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, and changes in global climate. These, in turn, are likely to have had, and will continue to have, impacts on human health. While such impacts have received increasing attention in recent years, the impacts of climate change on aeroallergens and related allergic diseases have been somewhat neglected. Despite this, a number of studies have revealed potential impacts of climate change on aeroallergens that may have enormous clinical and public health significance. The purpose of this review is to synthesize this work and to outline a number of research challenges in this area. There is now considerable evidence to suggest that climate change will have, and has already had, impacts on aeroallergens. These include impacts on pollen amount, pollen allergenicity, pollen season, plant and pollen distribution, and other plant attributes. There is also some evidence of impacts on other aeroallergens, such as mould spores. There are many research challenges along the road to a more complete understanding of the impacts of climate change on aeroallergens and allergic diseases such as asthma and hayfever. It is important that public health authorities and allergy practitioners be aware of these changes in the environment, and that research scientists embrace the challenges that face further work in this area.
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            Recent warming by latitude associated with increased length of ragweed pollen season in central North America.

            L. Ziska, K. Knowlton, C. Rogers … (2011)
            A fundamental aspect of climate change is the potential shifts in flowering phenology and pollen initiation associated with milder winters and warmer seasonal air temperature. Earlier floral anthesis has been suggested, in turn, to have a role in human disease by increasing time of exposure to pollen that causes allergic rhinitis and related asthma. However, earlier floral initiation does not necessarily alter the temporal duration of the pollen season, and, to date, no consistent continental trend in pollen season length has been demonstrated. Here we report that duration of the ragweed (Ambrosia spp.) pollen season has been increasing in recent decades as a function of latitude in North America. Latitudinal effects on increasing season length were associated primarily with a delay in first frost of the fall season and lengthening of the frost free period. Overall, these data indicate a significant increase in the length of the ragweed pollen season by as much as 13-27 d at latitudes above ~44°N since 1995. This is consistent with recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections regarding enhanced warming as a function of latitude. If similar warming trends accompany long-term climate change, greater exposure times to seasonal allergens may occur with subsequent effects on public health.
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              GA(2)LEN skin test study II: clinical relevance of inhalant allergen sensitizations in Europe.

              G J Burbach, L Heinzerling, G Edenharter … (2009)
              Skin prick testing is the standard for diagnosing IgE-mediated allergies. A positive skin prick reaction, however, does not always correlate with clinical symptoms. A large database from a Global Asthma and Allergy European Network (GA(2)LEN) study with data on clinical relevance was used to determine the clinical relevance of sensitizations against the 18 most frequent inhalant allergens in Europe. The study population consisted of patients referred to one of the 17 allergy centres in 14 European countries (n = 3034, median age = 33 years). The aim of the study was to assess the clinical relevance of positive skin prick test reactions against inhalant allergens considering the predominating type of symptoms in a pan-European population of patients presenting with suspected allergic disease. Clinical relevance of skin prick tests was recorded with regard to patient history and optional additional tests. A putative correlation between sensitization and allergic disease was assessed using logistic regression analysis. While an overall rate of >or=60% clinically relevant sensitizations was observed in all countries, a differential distribution of clinically relevant sensitizations was demonstrated depending on type of allergen and country where the prick test was performed. Furthermore, a significant correlation between the presence of allergic disease and the number of sensitizations was demonstrated. This study strongly emphasizes the importance of evaluating the clinical relevance of positive skin prick tests and calls for further studies, which may, ultimately, help increase the positive predictive value of allergy testing.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Gil Bohrer: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 May 2014
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e97925
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
                [2 ]School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
                [3 ]School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
                [4 ]Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
                [5 ]Department of Environment and Geography, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
                [6 ]Center for Allergy and Environment, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
                [7 ]School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
                [8 ]School of Public Health and Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
                [9 ]Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
                [10 ]Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
                [11 ]School of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
                [12 ]School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
                [13 ]School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
                [14 ]European Aerobiology Society, Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique, Lyon, Rhône-Alpes, France
                [15 ]Lung and Allergy Research Centre, School of Medicine, and Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
                The Ohio State University, United States of America
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: SGH DMJSB RMN FHJ PJB JB BC BE IG BJG AJ DM EN MT AH DV JMD. Analyzed the data: SGH GJW. Wrote the paper: SGH DMJSB RMN FHJ. Contributed data: EN BE SGH DM DMJSB FM BJG FHJ RMN. The application for funding support was led by the principal investigator: JMD.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-13-23596
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097925
                PMC ID: 4038531
                PubMed ID: 24874807
                SO-VID: 8aff6dd3-a39f-428e-817a-6af2ab51a5f8
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2014
                License:

                This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.

                History
                Date received : 6 June 2013
                Date accepted : 26 April 2014
                Page count
                Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funding support for the Working Group came from the Australian Centre for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (ACEAS). Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN). Merck Sharp and Dohme provided additional independent untied co-sponsorship for the Working Group. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Ecology
                Subject: Global Change Ecology
                Subject: Macroecology
                Subject: Urban Ecology
                Subject: Biogeography
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Palynology
                Subject: Plant Science
                Subject: Plant Anatomy
                Subject: Pollen
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Atmospheric Science
                Subject: Atmospheric Chemistry
                Subject: Air Quality
                Subject: Climatology
                Subject: Climate Change
                Subject: Atmosphere
                Subject: Meteorology
                Subject: Engineering and Technology
                Subject: Environmental Engineering
                Subject: Pollution
                Subject: Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Subject: Environmental Geography
                Subject: Environmental Protection
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Health Care
                Subject: Environmental Health
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Global Health
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Chemistry
                Subject: Environmental Chemistry
                Subject: Pollutants

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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