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      Leishmaniose visceral canina em Maricá, Estado do Rio de Janeiro: relato do primeiro caso autóctone Translated title: Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Maricá, State of Rio de Janeiro: first report of an autochthonous case

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          Abstract

          Leishmaniose visceral é uma zoonose de importância em Saúde Pública, onde os cães representam um dos maiores problemas. Este trabalho visa relatar o primeiro caso autóctone da leishmaniose visceral canina no município de Maricá, fornecendo elementos relacionados à distribuição geográfica de Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi no Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

          Translated abstract

          Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonosis of public health importance, and dogs represent one of the main problems. This paper describes the first autochthonous case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality of Maricá. It provides new facts regarding the geographical distribution of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in the State of Rio de Janeiro.

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          Lutzomyia longipalpis and the eco-epidemiology of American visceral leishmaniasis, with particular reference to Brazil: a review

          Ralph Lainson, Elizabeth F. Rangel (2005)
          An historical review is given of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL), with particular reference to the eco-epidemiology of the disease in Brazil. Following the first records of AVL in this country, in 1934, the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva, 1912) was incriminated as the principal vector. It is now generally accepted, however, that there exist a number of cryptic species under the name of Lu. longipalpis s.l. and that variations in the quantity of the vasodilatory peptide maxadilan in the saliva of flies from different populations of Lu. longipalpis s.l., may account for the variable clinical manifestations of AVL seen in different geographic regions. Distribution of AVL has been shown to extend throughout most of South and Central America, with the domestic dog serving as the principal reservoir of infection for man. However, while one hypothesis suggests that the causative parasite is Leishmania infantum, imported from Europe with the Portuguese and Spanish colonists, the demonstration of a high rate of benign, inapparent infection in foxes in Amazonian Brazil raised an opposing suggestion that the parasite is indigenous to the Americas. Recent reports of similar infections in native marsupials, and possibly rodents, tend to support this view, particularly as Lu. longipalpis is primordially a silvatic sandfly. Although effective control measures in foci of the disease will diminish the number of canine and human infections, the presence of such an enzootic in a variety of native animals will render the total eradication of AVL unlikely.
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            A general classification of New World Leishmania using numerical zymotaxonomy.

            G. Grimaldi, E Cupolillo, H Momen (1994)
            More than 250 strains of Leishmania isolated from different localities and hosts in the New World were analyzed by enzyme electrophoresis, and their electromorphic profiles were compared with 19 reference strains representing most of the described species of this parasite. The 18 enzymic loci analyzed were very polymorphic, and the strains were classified into 44 zymodemes, each grouping strains with the same enzyme profiles. Each zymodeme was considered as an elementary taxon and the phenetic and phylogenetic relationships were determined by agglomerative hierarchical, ordination, and cladistic techniques. The different classification methods produced very similar results. The 44 zymodemes could be clustered into two groups, corresponding to the subgenera Leishmania and Viannia, by the numerical methods. The subgenus Viannia was shown to be monophyletic and could be further divided into species complexes representing L. braziliensis, L. naiffi, and L. guyanensis/L. panamensis/L. shawi, as well as some isolated taxa including L. lainsoni. The subgenus Leishmania, on the other hand, was polyphyletic, with New World isolates related to L. major clustered separately from the L. mexicana species complex. Most of the other zymodemes in this group represented independent taxa. The results confirm Viannia as a valid taxon but suggest that the status of the subgenus Leishmania should be further investigated. Leishmania braziliensis and L. naiffi were shown to be the most polymorphic species, while L. guyanensis, in spite of being the most common species found in this study, was remarkably homogeneous. The only variants were found south of the Amazon river. North of this river, the species was monomorphic.
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              Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia: relationship between clinical and parasitologic status and infectivity for sand flies.

              B Travi, C J Tabares, H Cadena … (2001)
              We studied the reservoir competency of canines with distinct clinical presentations of Leishmania chagasi infection. The parasitologic status of asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs was determined by standard culture methods Infectivity was assessed by multiple xenodiagnoses with Lutzomyia longipalpis, over a period of 2-11 months. Asymptomatic dogs were non-infective (0 of 5) while 2 of 7 oligosymptomatic dogs infected L longipalpis, transmitting the parasites at low rates (range 0.9-5.2% of engorged flies). Polysymptomatic dogs transmitted L. chagasi more frequently (4 of 8 dogs) and reached higher infection rates (range 5.0-22.5% of engorged flies). The skin of the ear tended to be more infective to sand flies than that of the abdomen. Polymerase chain reaction hybridization (PCR-H) was a sensitive method for detection of L. chagasi, yielding the highest positive rate in serum (16 of 17 dogs) with no distinction between clinical groups. No association between skin positivity by PCR-H and infectivity to sand flies was found. The infectivity of dogs from clinically comparable groups from Colombian and Mediterranean foci differed. This may be a reflection of varied nutritional conditions or vector competency of distinct sand fly species.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): rsbmt
                Title: Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
                Abbreviated Title: Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.
                Publisher: Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical - SBMT (Uberaba, MG, Brazil )
                ISSN (Print): 0037-8682
                ISSN (Electronic): 1678-9849
                Publication date (Print and electronic): February 2009
                Volume: 42
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 77-78
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas orgdiv2Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses
                [02] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas orgdiv2Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em animais domésticos
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0037-86822009000100016 Publisher ID: S0037-8682(09)04200116
                DOI: 10.1590/S0037-86822009000100016
                SO-VID: 8b799418-cc97-45a3-aef3-104d3993fe2e
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date accepted : 20 January 2009
                Date received : 04 September 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 2
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Subject: Relatos de Casos

                Keywords: Maricá,Leishmaniose visceral,Leishmania chagasi,Cão,Visceral leishmaniasis,Dog
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Maricá, Leishmaniose visceral, Leishmania chagasi, Cão, Visceral leishmaniasis, Dog

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