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      Assessment of Exposure to High-Performing Schools and Risk of Adolescent Substance Use : A Natural Experiment

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          Abstract

          Although school environments are thought to influence health behaviors, experimental data assessing causality are lacking, and which aspects of school environments may be most important for adolescent health are unknown.

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          The social determinants of health: coming of age.

          Paula Braveman, Susan Egerter, David Williams (2011)
          In the United States, awareness is increasing that medical care alone cannot adequately improve health overall or reduce health disparities without also addressing where and how people live. A critical mass of relevant knowledge has accumulated, documenting associations, exploring pathways and biological mechanisms, and providing a previously unavailable scientific foundation for appreciating the role of social factors in health. We review current knowledge about health effects of social (including economic) factors, knowledge gaps, and research priorities, focusing on upstream social determinants-including economic resources, education, and racial discrimination-that fundamentally shape the downstream determinants, such as behaviors, targeted by most interventions. Research priorities include measuring social factors better, monitoring social factors and health relative to policies, examining health effects of social factors across lifetimes and generations, incrementally elucidating pathways through knowledge linkage, testing multidimensional interventions, and addressing political will as a key barrier to translating knowledge into action.
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            Understanding differences in health behaviors by education.

            David Cutler, Adriana Lleras-Muney (2010)
            Using a variety of data sets from two countries, we examine possible explanations for the relationship between education and health behaviors, known as the education gradient. We show that income, health insurance, and family background can account for about 30 percent of the gradient. Knowledge and measures of cognitive ability explain an additional 30 percent. Social networks account for another 10 percent. Our proxies for discounting, risk aversion, or the value of future do not account for any of the education gradient, and neither do personality factors such as a sense of control of oneself or over one's life. Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families.

              Laurence Steinberg, Susie D. Lamborn, Nancy Darling … (1994)
              In a previous report, we demonstrated that adolescents' adjustment varies as a function of their parents' style (e.g., authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, neglectful). This 1-year follow-up was conducted in order to examine whether the observed differences are maintained over time. In 1987, an ethnically and socioeconomically heterogeneous sample of approximately 2,300 14-18-year-olds provided information used to classify the adolescents' families into 1 of 4 parenting style groups. That year, and again 1 year later, the students completed a battery of standardized instruments tapping psychosocial development, school achievement, internalized distress, and behavior problems. Differences in adjustment associated with variations in parenting are either maintained or increase over time. However, whereas the benefits of authoritative parenting are largely in the maintenance of previous levels of high adjustment, the deleterious consequences of neglectful parenting continue to accumulate.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: JAMA Pediatrics
                Abbreviated Title: JAMA Pediatr
                Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
                ISSN (Print): 2168-6203
                Publication date Created: December 01 2018
                Publication date (Print): December 01 2018
                Volume: 172
                Issue: 12
                Page: 1135
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles
                [2 ]General Pediatrics Division, UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles
                [3 ]Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles
                [4 ]RAND Health, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California
                [5 ]Department of Public Policy, UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, Los Angeles
                [6 ]National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
                [7 ]Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles
                [8 ]Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles
                [9 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
                [10 ]General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, UCLA, Los Angeles
                Article
                DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.3074
                PMC ID: 6350909
                PubMed ID: 30383092
                SO-VID: 8bbdd8c9-45f2-4c88-b2d8-78c03e35e2c7
                Copyright © © 2018
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