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      Dairy Consumption and Cardiometabolic Diseases: Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies

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          Abstract

          Purpose of Review

          Dairy products contain both beneficial and harmful nutrients in relation to cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we provide the latest scientific evidence regarding the relationship between dairy products and cardiometabolic diseases by reviewing the literature and updating meta-analyses of observational studies.

          Recent Findings

          We updated our previous meta-analyses of cohort studies on type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke with nine studies and confirmed previous results. Total dairy and low-fat dairy (per 200 g/d) were inversely associated with a 3–4% lower risk of diabetes. Yogurt was non-linearly inversely associated with diabetes (RR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.83–0.90 at 80 g/d). Total dairy and milk were not associated with CHD (RR~1.0). An increment of 200 g of daily milk intake was associated with an 8% lower risk of stroke.

          Summary

          The latest scientific evidence confirmed neutral or beneficial associations between dairy products and risk of cardiometabolic diseases.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1007/s13668-018-0253-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

          Stephen S Lim, Theo Vos, Abraham D. Flaxman … (2012)
          The Lancet, 380(9859), 2224-2260
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            The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

            Anastassios G Pittas, Joseph Lau, Frank Hu … (2007)
            Altered vitamin D and calcium homeostasis may play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION AND ANALYSES: MEDLINE review was conducted through January 2007 for observational studies and clinical trials in adults with outcomes related to glucose homeostasis. When data were available to combine, meta-analyses were performed, and summary odds ratios (OR) are presented. Observational studies show a relatively consistent association between low vitamin D status, calcium or dairy intake, and prevalent type 2 DM or metabolic syndrome [OR (95% confidence interval): type 2 DM prevalence, 0.36 (0.16-0.80) among nonblacks for highest vs. lowest 25-hydroxyvitamin D; metabolic syndrome prevalence, 0.71 (0.57-0.89) for highest vs. lowest dairy intake]. There are also inverse associations with incident type 2 DM or metabolic syndrome [OR (95% confidence interval): type 2 DM incidence, 0.82 (0.72-0.93) for highest vs. lowest combined vitamin D and calcium intake; 0.86 (0.79-0.93) for highest vs. lowest dairy intake]. Evidence from trials with vitamin D and/or calcium supplementation suggests that combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation may have a role in the prevention of type 2 DM only in populations at high risk (i.e. glucose intolerance). The available evidence is limited because most observational studies are cross-sectional and did not adjust for important confounders, whereas intervention studies were short in duration, included few subjects, used a variety of formulations of vitamin D and calcium, or did post hoc analyses. Vitamin D and calcium insufficiency may negatively influence glycemia, whereas combined supplementation with both nutrients may be beneficial in optimizing glucose metabolism.
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              Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health.

              S Parvez, K A Malik, S. Ah Kang … (2006)
              Probiotics are usually defined as microbial food supplements with beneficial effects on the consumers. Most probiotics fall into the group of organisms' known as lactic acid-producing bacteria and are normally consumed in the form of yogurt, fermented milks or other fermented foods. Some of the beneficial effect of lactic acid bacteria consumption include: (i) improving intestinal tract health; (ii) enhancing the immune system, synthesizing and enhancing the bioavailability of nutrients; (iii) reducing symptoms of lactose intolerance, decreasing the prevalence of allergy in susceptible individuals; and (iv) reducing risk of certain cancers. The mechanisms by which probiotics exert their effects are largely unknown, but may involve modifying gut pH, antagonizing pathogens through production of antimicrobial compounds, competing for pathogen binding and receptor sites as well as for available nutrients and growth factors, stimulating immunomodulatory cells, and producing lactase. Selection criteria, efficacy, food and supplement sources and safety issues around probiotics are reviewed. Recent scientific investigation has supported the important role of probiotics as a part of a healthy diet for human as well as for animals and may be an avenue to provide a safe, cost effective, and 'natural' approach that adds a barrier against microbial infection. This paper presents a review of probiotics in health maintenance and disease prevention.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sabita S. Soedamah-Muthu: +31 13 466 3860 , S.S.Soedamah@uvt.nl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Nutr Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Nutr Rep
                Title: Current Nutrition Reports
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2161-3311
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 November 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 8 November 2018
                Publication date (Print): 2018
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 171-182
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0943 3265, GRID grid.12295.3d, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases (CORPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, , Tilburg University, ; PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0457 9566, GRID grid.9435.b, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, , University of Reading, ; Reading, RG6 6AR UK
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0791 5666, GRID grid.4818.5, Division of Human Nutrition, , Wageningen University, ; Wageningen, The Netherlands
                Article
                Publisher ID: 253
                DOI: 10.1007/s13668-018-0253-y
                PMC ID: 6244750
                PubMed ID: 30406514
                SO-VID: 8bda98f5-4307-4243-a1c1-4b1f965039ab
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Tilburg University
                Categories
                Subject: Cardiovascular Disease (JHY Wu, Section Editor)
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: dairy products,cardiometabolic,type 2 diabetes,coronary heart disease,stroke
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: dairy products, cardiometabolic, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke

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