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      Proceso INFORNUT®: validación de la fase de filtro -FILNUT- y comparación con otros métodos de detección precoz de desnutrición hospitalaria Translated title: INFORNUT process: validation of the filter phase -FILNUT- and comparison with other methods for the detection of early hospital hyponutrition

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          Abstract

          Introducción: El problema de la desnutrición hospitalaria afecta según las series entre un 30-50% de los pacientes ingresados. Esta alta prevalencia justifica la necesidad de su detección precoz al ingreso. Existen múltiples herramientas clásicas de cribaje que muestran limitaciones importantes en su aplicación sistemática en la práctica clínica habitual. Objetivos: Ver la relación entre desnutrición, detectada por nuestro método de cribaje, y mortalidad, estancia o reingresos. Asimismo analizar la relación entre desnutrición y prescripción de soporte nutricional. Comparar distintos métodos de cribaje nutricional al ingreso sobre una muestra aleatoria de pacientes hospitalizados. Validación del método INFORNUT para cribaje nutricional. Material y Métodos: En una fase previa al diseño del estudio se realizo un análisis retrospectivo con datos del año 2003 con el fin de conocer la situación de la desnutrición en el Hospital Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, recogiendo datos del CMBD (Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos), analíticas de riesgo nutricional (filtro FILNUT) y prescripción de soporte nutricional. En la fase experimental se realizo un estudio de cohorte transversal con una muestra aleatoria de 255 pacientes en Mayo del 2004. Se realiza estudio antropométrico, Valoración Subjetiva Global (VSG), Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) y Nutrtional Risk Screening (NRS), método de Gassull, CONUT® e INFORNUT. Las condiciones de filtro aplicadas por INFORNUT son: albúmina < 3.5 g/dL y/o proteinas totales < 5 g/dL y/o prealbúmina< 18 mg/dL con o sin linfocitos totales < 1.600 cel/ml y/o colesterol total <180 mg/dL. Para la comparación entre métodos se construye un Gold Standard basado en las recomendaciones de SENPE sobre datos antropométricos y analíticos. El análisis estadístico de asociación se realizó mediante Test Chi-cuadrado (α:0.05) y concordancia a través del índice κ. Resultados: En el estudio realizado en la fase previa se observa que la prevalencia de desnutrición hospitalaria es del 53,9%. Recibieron soporte nutricional especializado 1.644 pacientes; de ellos el 66,9% padecían desnutrición. También se observa que la desnutrición es uno de los factores que favorecen el incremento de la mortalidad (desnutridos: 15,19% vs no desnutridos: 2,58), la estancia (desnutridos: 20,95 días vs. no desnutridos: 8,75 días), e reingresos (desnutridos: 14,30% vs. no desnutridos: 6%). Los resultados del estudio experimental son los siguientes: La prevalencia de desnutrición obtenida por Gold Standard (61%), INFORNUT (60%). Los grados de concordancia entre los métodos INFORNUT, CONUT y GASSULL son buenos o excelentes comparados entre sí (k : 0,67 INFORNUT con CONUT y k : 0,94 INFORNUT con GASSULL) y con Gold Standard (k : 0,83 INFORNUT; k : 0,64 CONUT; k :0,89 GASSULL). Sin embargo los test estructurados (VSG, MNA, NRS), presentan bajos índices de concordancia con el Gold Standard y los test analíticos o mixtos (Gassull); aunque si muestran un grado de concordancia ligero a moderado cuando se comparan entre si (k : 0.489 NRS con VSG). INFORNUT presenta una sensibilidad del 92,3%, un valor predictivo positivo del 94,1% y una especificidad del 91,2%. Tras la fase filtro se envía un informe preliminar, sobre el que cumplimentados datos antropométricos y de ingesta, se elabora un Informe de Riesgo Nutricional. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de desnutrición en nuestro estudio (60%) es similar a la hallada por otros autores. La desnutrición lleva consigo un aumento de mortalidad, estancia y reingreso. No existen herramientas que se hayan demostrado capaces detectar desnutrición precoz el medio hospitalario que no tengan grandes limitaciones de aplicabilidad. FILNUT como 1ª fase de filtro del proceso INFORNUT constituye una herramienta valida: sensible y específica para el cribado nutricional al ingreso. Las ventajas principales del proceso serían la capacidad de identificar precozmente pacientes con riesgo de desnutrición, ejercer una función docente y sensibilizadora en facultativos y personal de enfermería implicándolos en la valoración nutricional de sus pacientes y elaborar un informe del diagnóstico al alta de desnutrición y soporte nutricional para el Servicio de Documentación Clínica. Por tanto INFORNUT constituiría un método de cribado universal con una buena relación coste-efectividad.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: According to several series, hospital hyponutrition involves 30-50% of hospitalized patients.The high prevalence justifies the need for early detection from admission. There several classical screening tools that show important limitations in their systematic application in daily clinical practice. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between hyponutrition, detected by our screening method, and mortality, hospital stay, or re-admissions. To analyze, as well, the relationship between hyponutrition and prescription of nutritional support. To compare different nutritional screening methods at admission on a random sample of hospitalized patients.Validation of the INFORNUT method for nutritional screening. Material and methods: In a previous phase from the study design, a retrospective analysis with data from the year 2003 was carried out in order to know the situation of hyponutrition in Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, at Malaga, gathering data from the MBDS (Minimal Basic Data Set), laboratory analysis of nutritional risk (FILNUT filter), and prescription of nutritional support. In the experimental phase, a cross-sectional cohort study was done with a random sample of 255 patients, on May of 2004. Anthropometrical study, Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS), Gassull"s method,CONUT® and INFORNUT® were done. The settings of the INFORNUT filter were: albumin< 3.5 g/dL, and/or total proteins < 5 g/dL, and/or prealbumin < 18 mg/dL, with or without total lymphocyte count < 1.600 cells/mm3 and/or total cholesterol < 180 mg/dL. In order to compare the different methods, a gold standard is created based on the recommendations of the SENPE on anthropometrical and laboratory data. The statistical association analysis was done by the chi-squared test (a: 0.05) and agreement by the k index. Results: In the study performed in the previous phase, it is observed that the prevalence of hospital hyponutrition is 53.9%. One thousand six hundred and forty four patients received nutritional support, of which 66,9% suffered from hyponutrition. We also observed that hyponutrition is one of the factors favoring the increase in mortality (hyponourished patients 15.19% vs. non-hyponourished 2.58%), hospital stay (hyponourished patients 20.95 days vs. non-hyponourished 8.75 days), and re-admissions (hyponourished patients 14.30% vs. non-hyponourished 6%). The results from the experimental study are as follows: the prevalence of hyponutrition obtained by the gold standard was 61%, INFORNUT 60%. Agreement levels between INFORNUT, CONUT, and GASSULL are good or very good between them (k: 0.67 INFORNUT with CONUT, and k: 0.94 INFORNUT and GASSULL) and wit the gold standard (k: 0.83; k: 0.64 CONUT; k: 0.89 GASSULL). However, structured tests (SGA, MNA, NRS) show low agreement indexes with the gold standard and laboratory or mixed tests (Gassull), although they show a low to intermediate level of agreement when compared one to each other (k: 0.489 NRS with SGA). INFORNUT shows sensitivity of 92.3%, a positive predictive value of 94.1%, and specificity of 91.2%. After the filer phase, a preliminary report is sent, on which anthropometrical and intake data are added and a Nutritional Risk Report is done. Conclusions: Hyponutrition prevalence in our study (60%) is similar to that found by other authors. Hyponutrition is associated to increased mortality, hospital stay, and re-admission rate. There are no tools that have proven to be effective to show early hyponutrition at the hospital setting without important applicability limitations. FILNUT, as the first phase of the filter process of INFORNUT represents a valid tool: it has sensitivity and specificity for nutritional screening at admission. The main advantages of the process would be early detection of patients with risk for hyponutrition, having a teaching and sensitization function to health care staff implicating them in nutritional assessment of their patients, and doing a hyponutrition diagnosis and nutritional support need in the discharge report that would be registered by the Clinical Documentation Department. Therefore, INFORNUT would be a universal screening method with a good cost-effectiveness ratio.

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          Most cited references63

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          Malnutrition in hospital outpatients and inpatients: prevalence, concurrent validity and ease of use of the 'malnutrition universal screening tool' ('MUST') for adults.

          The 'malnutrition universal screening tool' ('MUST') for adults has been developed for all health care settings and patient groups, but ease of use and agreement with other published tools when screening to identify malnutrition requires investigation. The present study assessed the agreement and the prevalence of malnutrition risk between 'MUST' and a variety of other tools in the same patients and compared the ease of using these tools. Groups of patients were consecutively screened using 'MUST' and: (1) MEREC Bulletin (MEREC) and Hickson and Hill (HH) tools (fifty gastroenterology outpatients); (2) nutrition risk score (NRS) and malnutrition screening tool (MST; seventy-five medical inpatients); (3) short-form mini nutritional assessment (MNA-tool; eighty-six elderly and eighty-five surgical inpatients); (4) subjective global assessment (SGA; fifty medical inpatients); (5) Doyle undernutrition risk score (URS; fifty-two surgical inpatients). Using 'MUST', the prevalence of malnutrition risk ranged from 19-60% in inpatients and 30% in outpatients. 'MUST' had 'excellent' agreement (kappa 0.775-0.893) with MEREC, NRS and SGA tools, 'fair-good' agreement (kappa 0.551-0.711) with HH, MST and MNA-tool tools and 'poor' agreement with the URS tool (kappa 0.255). When categorisation of malnutrition risk differed between tools, it did not do so systematically, except between 'MUST' and MNA-tool (P=0.0005) and URS (P=0.039). 'MUST' and MST were the easiest, quickest tools to complete (3-5 min). The present investigation suggested a high prevalence of malnutrition in hospital inpatients and outpatients (19-60% with 'MUST') and 'fair-good' to 'excellent' agreement beyond chance between 'MUST' and most other tools studied. 'MUST' was quick and easy to use in these patient groups.
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            Prevalence of malnutrition in general medical patients.

            Three, single-day nutritional surveys at weekly intervals were conducted in the general medical wards of an urban municipal teaching hospital. The techniques of nutritional assessment included anthropometric measures (weight/height, triceps skin fold, arm-muscle circumference, serum albumin, and hematocrit). The prevalence of protein-calorie malnutrition was 44% or greater by these criteria (weight/height, 45%; triceps skin fold, 76%; arm-muscle circumference, 55%; serum albumin, 44%; and hematocrit, 48%). These results were reproducible without significant variation between surveys. In 34% of patients, a lymphopenia of 1,200 cells/cu mm or less was found, a level likely to be associated with diminished cell-mediated immunity. Compared with a similar survey among surgical patients, the medical patients were more depleted calorically (weight/height, triceps skin fold) but had better protein status (arm-muscle circumference, serum albumin). Significant protein-calorie malnutrition occurs commonly in municipal hospitals in both medical and surgical services.
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              Protein status of general surgical patients.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Sociedad Española de Nutrición Parenteral y Enteral (Madrid )
                0212-1611
                August 2006
                : 21
                : 4
                : 491-504
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital Virgen dela Victoria
                [2 ] Hospital Virgen dela Victoria
                [3 ] Hospital Virgen dela Victoria
                [4 ] Hospital Virgen dela Victoria
                [5 ] Hospital Virgen dela Victoria
                [6 ] Universidad de Málaga Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112006000700007
                8cf0787c-990c-4327-af19-b7db44176d96

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                NUTRITION & DIETETICS

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                Desnutrición,Malnutrición,Cribado nutricional,Valoración nutricional,Albúmina,Colesterol total,Recuento linfocitos total,Nutrición clínica,Soporte nutricional,Informe de riesgo nutricional,Hyponutrition,malnutrition,nutritional screening,nutritional assessment,albumin,total cholesterol,total lymphocyte count,clinical nutrition,nutritional support,nutritional risk report

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