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      Identifying causes of death of companion dogs in Japan using data from pet cemeteries

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          Abstract

          This study aimed to identify the causes of death in dogs that were buried at pet cemeteries. Using data obtained from a questionnaire completed by 5,118 dog owners from 1 April 2016 to 31 March 2017, we estimated the life expectancy and the odds ratio for principal causes of death using multiple logistic regression analysis with potential risk factors as independent variables. The life expectancy determined at birth was 13.98 years. The commonest cause of death was senility. The odds ratios of dying of senility being significantly higher in Labrador Retrievers and Shiba breeds and aged dogs, and significantly lower in Chihuahuas, dogs living indoors and neutered dogs.

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          Mortality in north american dogs from 1984 to 2004: an investigation into age-, size-, and breed-related causes of death.

          J. Fleming, K Creevy, D E L Promislow (2015)
          Anecdotal beliefs and limited research suggest variable patterns of mortality in age, size, and breed cohorts of dogs. Detailed knowledge of mortality patterns would facilitate development of tailored health-maintenance practices and contribute to the understanding of the genetic basis of disease. To describe breed-specific causes of death in all instances of canine mortality recorded in the Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB)(a) between 1984 and 2004. We hypothesized that causes of death, categorized by organ system (OS) or pathophysiologic process (PP), would segregate by age, body mass, and breed. 74,556 dogs from the VMDB for which death was the outcome of the recorded hospital visit. Retrospective study. Causes of death from abstracted VMDB medical records were categorized by OS and PP and analyzed by age, breed, and breed-standard mass of dog. Causes of death, categorized by OS or PP, segregated by age, breed, and breed-standard mass. Young dogs died more commonly of gastrointestinal and infectious causes whereas older dogs died of neurologic and neoplastic causes. Increasing age was associated with an increasing risk of death because of cardiovascular, endocrine, and urogenital causes, but not because of hematopoietic or musculoskeletal causes. Dogs of larger breeds died more commonly of musculoskeletal and gastrointestinal causes whereas dogs of smaller breeds died more commonly of endocrine causes. Not all causes of death contribute equally to mortality within age, size, or breed cohorts. Documented patterns now provide multiple targets for clinical research and intervention. Copyright © 2011 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
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            Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK.

            Peter Adams, Adele Evans, J. Wood … (2010)
            To collect information on the cause of death and longevity of dogs owned by members of the numerically largest breed clubs of 169 UK Kennel Club-recognised breeds. A cross-sectional study was carried out. Approximately 58,363 questionnaires were sent out to breed club members in 2004 (nine clubs failed to report the exact number of questionnaires sent out). Owners reported age at death and cause(s) of death for all dogs that had died within the previous 10 years. A total of 13,741 questionnaires (24% response rate) containing information on 15,881 deaths were included in the analysis. Breed-specific response rates ranged from 64·7 to 4·5%. The median age at death was 11 years and 3 months (minimum=2 months, maximum=23 years and 5 months) and it varied by breed. The most common causes of death were cancer (n=4282, 27%), "old age" (n=2830, 18%) and cardiac conditions (n=1770, 11%). This survey shows breed differences in lifespan and causes of death, and the results support previous evidence that smaller breeds tend to have longer lifespan compared with larger breeds. Although many of the breeds in the study may not be representative of the general pedigree dog population in the UK, the results do contribute to the limited information currently available. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.
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              The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality

              Jessica M Hoffman, Kate Creevy, Alexander Franks … (2018)
              Summary Around the world, human populations have experienced large increases in average lifespan over the last 150 years, and while individuals are living longer, they are spending more years of life with multiple chronic morbidities. Researchers have used numerous laboratory animal models to understand the biological and environmental factors that influence aging, morbidity, and longevity. However, the most commonly studied animal species, laboratory mice and rats, do not experience environmental conditions similar to those to which humans are exposed, nor do we often diagnose them with many of the naturally occurring pathologies seen in humans. Recently, the companion dog has been proposed as a powerful model to better understand the genetic and environmental determinants of morbidity and mortality in humans. However, it is not known to what extent the age‐related dynamics of morbidity, comorbidity, and mortality are shared between humans and dogs. Here, we present the first large‐scale comparison of human and canine patterns of age‐specific morbidity and mortality. We find that many chronic conditions that commonly occur in human populations (obesity, arthritis, hypothyroidism, and diabetes), and which are associated with comorbidities, are also associated with similarly high levels of comorbidity in companion dogs. We also find significant similarities in the effect of age on disease risk in humans and dogs, with neoplastic, congenital, and metabolic causes of death showing similar age trajectories between the two species. Overall, our study suggests that the companion dog may be an ideal translational model to study the many complex facets of human morbidity and mortality.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Vet Med Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Vet Med Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JVMS
                Title: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
                Publisher: The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science
                ISSN (Print): 0916-7250
                ISSN (Electronic): 1347-7439
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 May 2021
                Publication date (Print): July 2021
                Volume: 83
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 1039-1043
                Affiliations
                [1) ]Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
                [2) ]Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Inoue, M.: kuro_felis_catus@ 123456me.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: 21-0171
                DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0171
                PMC ID: 8349817
                PubMed ID: 33994429
                SO-VID: 8dd3540d-07d0-4c66-a656-5cd5429957cd
                Copyright © ©2021 The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License. (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

                History
                Date received : 22 March 2021
                Date accepted : 02 May 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Internal Medicine
                Subject: Note

                Keywords: cause of death,dog breed,life expectancy,pet cemetery data,senility
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cause of death, dog breed, life expectancy, pet cemetery data, senility

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