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      Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Smuggled Thai Eagles, Belgium

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          Abstract

          We report the isolation and characterization of a highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus from Crested Hawk-Eagles smuggled into Europe by air travel. A screening performed in human and avian contacts indicated no dissemination occurred. Illegal movements of birds are a major threat for the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

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          Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus.

          K. Yuen, P. Chan, M. Peiris … (1998)
          Human infection with an avian influenza A virus (subtype H5N1) was reported recently in Hong Kong. We describe the clinical presentation of the first 12 patients and options for rapid viral diagnosis. Case notes of 12 patients with virus-culture-confirmed influenza A H5N1 infection were analysed. The clinical presentation and risk factors associated with severe disease were defined and the results of methods for rapid virus diagnosis were compared. Patients ranged from 1 to 60 years of age. Clinical presentation was that of an influenza-like illness with evidence of pneumonia in seven patients. All seven patients older than 13 years had severe disease (four deaths), whereas children 5 years or younger had mild symptoms with the exception of one who died with Reye's syndrome associated with intake of aspirin. Gastrointestinal manifestations, raised liver enzymes, renal failure unrelated to rhabdomyolysis, and pancytopenia were unusually prominent. Factors associated with severe disease included older age, delay in hospitalisation, lower-respiratory-tract involvement, and a low total peripheral white blood cell count or lymphopenia at admission. An H5-specific reverse-transcription PCR assay (RT-PCR) was useful for rapid detection of virus directly in respiratory specimens. A commercially available enzyme immunoassay was more sensitive than direct immunofluorescence for rapid viral diagnosis. Direct immunofluorescence with an H5-specific monoclonal antibody pool was useful for rapid exclusion of H5-subtype infection. Avian Influenza A H5N1 virus causes human influenza-like illness with a high rate of complications in adults admitted to hospital. Rapid H5-subtype-specific laboratory diagnosis can be made by RT-PCR applied directly to clinical specimens.
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            Avian Influenza H5N1 in Tigers and Leopards

            Juthatip Keawcharoen, Kanisak Oraveerakul, Thijs Kuiken … (2004)
            Influenza virus is not known to affect wild felids. We demonstrate that avian influenza A (H5N1) virus caused severe pneumonia in tigers and leopards that fed on infected poultry carcasses. This finding extends the host range of influenza virus and has implications for influenza virus epidemiology and wildlife conservation.
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              Identification and subtyping of avian influenza viruses by reverse transcription-PCR.

              Ming-Shiuh Lee, Poa-Chun Chang, Jui-Hung Shien … (2001)
              Avian influenza viruses have 15 different hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes (H1-H15). We report a procedure for the identification and HA-subtyping of avian influenza virus by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). The avian influenza virus is identified by RT-PCR using a set of primers specific to the nucleoprotein (NP) gene of avian influenza virus. The HA-subtypes of avian influenza virus were determined by running simultaneously 15 RT-PCR reactions, each using a set of primers specific to one HA-subtype. For a single virus strain or isolate, only one of the 15 RT-PCR reactions will give a product of expected size, and thus the HA-subtype of the virus is determined. The result of HA-subtyping was then confirmed by sequence analysis of the PCR product. A total of 80 strains or isolates of avian influenza viruses were subtyped by this RT-PCR procedure, and the result of RT-PCR gave an excellent (100%) correlation with the result of the conventional serological method. The RT-PCR procedure we developed is rapid and sensitive, and could be used for the identification and HA-subtyping of avian influenza virus in organ homogenates.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): May 2005
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 702-705
                Affiliations
                [* ]Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium;
                [† ]Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Steven Van Borm, 99 Groeselenberg, B1180 Brussels, Belgium; fax: 32-2-3791337; email: stvan@ 123456var.fgov.be
                Article
                Publisher ID: 05-0211
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1105.050211
                PMC ID: 3320388
                PubMed ID: 15890123
                SO-VID: 8dd3d266-3414-450b-95a1-2fe0a703d16b
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Dispatch
                Subject: Dispatch

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: europe,influenza a,h5n1
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: europe, influenza a, h5n1

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