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      Tuberculosis patients in the Dominican Republic face severe direct and indirect costs and need social protection Translated title: Los pacientes con tuberculosis en la República Dominicana afrontan altos costos directos e indirectos, y necesitan protección social

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To examine direct and indirect costs incurred by new, retreatment, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) patients in the Dominican Republic before and during diagnosis, and during treatment, to generate an evidence base and formulate recommendations. METHODS: The "Tool to Estimate Patients' Costs" was adapted to the local setting, translated into Spanish, and pretested. Patients attending 32 randomly selected health facilities in six chosen study areas on the study days were interviewed. Responses from patients 18-65 years old who had received treatment for at least one month and provided signed informed consent were collected, entered into a database, and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients were interviewed. For most respondents, direct and indirect costs increased while income decreased. Total costs amounted to a median of US\(908 for new patients, US\) 432 for retreatment patients, and US\(3 557 for MDR-TB patients. The proportion of patients without a regular income increased from 1% to 54% because of falling ill with TB. Following its review of the study results the Ministry of Health has made efforts to allocate public funds for food supplements and to include in- and outpatient TB services in the national health insurance schemes. CONCLUSIONS: Free TB diagnosis and treatment are not enough to alleviate the financial constraints experienced by vulnerable groups as a result of the illness. Health insurance covering TB in- and outpatient costs is critical to prevent TB-related financial hardship.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Examinar los costos directos e indirectos afrontados por los pacientes con tuberculosis en la República Dominicana, ya sea por un tratamiento nuevo, por retratamiento, o por una tuberculosis multirresistente (MR), antes y a lo largo del proceso diagnóstico y durante el tratamiento, con objeto de generar una base de datos probatorios y formular recomendaciones. MÉTODOS: El "Instrumento de cálculo de los costos afrontados por los pacientes" ("Tool to Estimate Patients' Costs") se adaptó al entorno local, se tradujo al español y se sometió a una prueba preliminar. Durante los días en que se llevó a cabo el estudio, se entrevistó a los pacientes que acudían a 32 establecimientos de salud seleccionados aleatoriamente en seis zonas elegidas para ello. Se recopilaron las respuestas de los pacientes de 18 a 65 años de edad que habían recibido tratamiento durante al menos un mes y que habían prestado su consentimiento por escrito. Las respuestas se introdujeron en una base de datos y se analizaron. RESULTADOS: Se entrevistó a 200 pacientes. Para la mayoría de los entrevistados, los costos directos e indirectos aumentaban a medida que se reducían sus ingresos. Los costos totales ascendieron a una mediana de US\) 908 para los nuevos pacientes, US\(432 para los pacientes en retratamiento y US\) 3 557 para los pacientes con tuberculosis multirresistente. La proporción de pacientes sin ingresos regulares aumentó de 1 a 54% como consecuencia de haber contraído la tuberculosis. Después de examinar los resultados del estudio, el Ministerio de Salud ha llevado a cabo iniciativas con objeto de asignar fondos públicos para suplementos alimentarios y para incluir los servicios de atención hospitalaria y ambulatoria de la tuberculosis en los programas del seguro nacional de enfermedad. CONCLUSIONES: El diagnóstico y el tratamiento gratuitos de la tuberculosis no son suficientes para mitigar las limitaciones financieras afrontadas por los grupos vulnerables como consecuencia de la enfermedad. Es esencial que el seguro de enfermedad cubra los costos de la atención hospitalaria y ambulatoria de la tuberculosis para paliar las dificultades financieras relacionadas con la enfermedad.

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          Most cited references29

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          Socio-economic impact of tuberculosis on patients and family in India.

          To quantify the socio-economic impact of tuberculosis on patients and their families from the costs incurred by patients in rural and urban areas. An interview schedule prepared from 17 focus group discussions was used to collect socio-economic demographic characteristics, employment, income particulars, expenditure on illness and effects on children from newly detected sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The direct and indirect costs included money spent on diagnosis, drugs, investigations, travel and loss of wages. Total costs were projected for the entire 6 months of treatment. The study population consisted of 304 patients (government health care 202, non governmental organisation 77, private practitioner 25), 120 of whom were females. Mean direct cost was Rs.2052/-, indirect Rs.3934/-, and total cost was Rs.5986/- ($171 US). The mean number of work days lost was 83 and mean debts totalled Rs.2079/-. Both rural and urban female patients faced rejection by their families (15%). Eleven per cent of schoolchildren discontinued their studies; an additional 8% took up employment to support their family. The total costs, and particularly indirect costs due to TB, were relatively high. The average period of loss of wages was 3 months. Care giving activities of female patients decreased significantly, and a fifth of schoolchildren discontinued their studies.
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            Can Malawi's poor afford free tuberculosis services? Patient and household costs associated with a tuberculosis diagnosis in Lilongwe.

            To assess the relative costs of accessing a TB diagnosis for the poor and for women in urban Lilongwe, Malawi, a setting where public health services are accessible within 6 kilometers and provided free of charge. Patient and household direct and opportunity costs were assessed from a survey of 179 TB patients, systematically sampled from all public and mission health facilities in Lilongwe. Poverty status was determined from the 1998 Malawi Integrated Household Survey (MIHS). On average, patients spent US$ 13 (MK 996 or 18 days' income) and lost 22 days from work while accessing a TB diagnosis. For non-poor patients, the total costs amounted to 129% of total monthly income, or 184% after food expenditures. For the poor, this cost rose to 248% of monthly income or 574% after food. When a woman or when the poor are sick, the opportunity costs faced by their households are greater. Patient and household costs of TB diagnosis are prohibitively high even where services are provided free of charge. In scaling up TB services to reach the Millennium Development Goals, there is an urgent need to identify strategies for diagnosing TB that are cost-effective for the poor and their households.
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              Cost of tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment from the patient perspective in Lusaka, Zambia.

              Urban primary health centres in Lusaka, Zambia. 1) To estimate patient costs for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment and 2) to identify determinants of patient costs. A cross-sectional survey of 103 adult TB patients who had been on treatment for 1-3 months was conducted using a standardised questionnaire. Direct and indirect costs were estimated, converted into US$ and categorised into two time periods: 'pre-diagnosis/care-seeking' and 'post-diagnosis/treatment'. Determinants of patient costs were analysed using multiple linear regression. The median total patient costs for diagnosis and 2 months of treatment was $24.78 (interquartile range 13.56-40.30) per patient--equivalent to 47.8% of patients' median monthly income. Sex, patient delays in seeking care and method of treatment supervision were significant predictors of total patient costs. The total direct costs as a proportion of income were higher for women than men (P < 0.001). Treatment costs incurred by patients on the clinic-based directly observed treatment strategy were more than three times greater than those incurred by patients on the self-administered treatment strategy (P < 0.001). Clinic-based treatment supervision posed a significant economic burden on patients. The creation or strengthening of community-based treatment supervision programmes would have the greatest potential impact on reducing patients' TB-related costs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Washington, Washington, United States )
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                May 2013
                : 33
                : 5
                : 332-339
                Affiliations
                [05] Den Haag orgnameKNCV Tuberculosis Foundation Netherlands
                [03] Santo Domingo orgnameMinistry of Health orgdiv1National Tuberculosis Program Dominican Republic
                [02] Santo Domingo orgnameHospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral orgdiv1Pulmonary Care Unit Dominican Republic
                [04] Santa Domingo orgnameUniversidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo orgdiv1Pulmonary Care Unit Dominican Republic
                [06] Arlington Virginia orgnameManagement Sciences for Health orgdiv1Center for Health Services United States of America
                [01] Nijmegen orgnameRadboud University Medical Center orgdiv1Department of Primary and Community Care Netherlands
                Article
                S1020-49892013000500004 S1020-4989(13)03300500004
                10.1590/s1020-49892013000500004
                23764664
                8df847c1-7dcd-4677-865e-70203154658f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 March 2012
                : 22 January 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Original Research Articles

                costo de enfermedad,Tuberculosis,República Dominicana,Dominican Republic,tuberculosis, multidrug-resistant,cost of illness,tuberculosis resistente a múltiples medicamentos

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