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      Isokinetic Performance of Knee Flexor and Extensor Muscles in American Football Players from Brazil Translated title: Desempenho Isocinético de Flexores e Extensores de Joelho em Jogadores de Futebol Americano do Brasil

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          Abstract

          Abstract The isokinetic performance of thigh muscles has been related to athletic performance and risk for non-contact injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament ruptures and hamstring strains. Although isokinetic profile of American football players from United States (USA) is widely described, there is a lack of studies comprising players acting outside the USA. The primary objective of this study was to describe the isokinetic performance of thigh muscles in elite American football players in Brazil. Secondarily, we aimed to compare the playing positions and compare the Brazilian players with high-level athletes from USA. Knee extensor (KE) and flexor (KF) muscles of 72 Brazilian players were assessed through isokinetic tests at 60°∙s-1. KE concentric peak torque was 276±56 N∙m, while KF had concentric and eccentric peak torques of 151±37 N∙m and 220±40 N∙m, respectively. Offensive linemen players presented greater peak torque values than defensive lineman, halfbacks, and wide receivers (all comparisons are provided in the article). Brazilian players had lower scores than USA athletes for KE and KF peak torque values. In addition, a conventional torque ratio (concentric/concentric) lower than 0.6 was found in 76-83% of athletes, and a functional ratio (eccentric/eccentric) below to 1.0 in 94%. Bilateral asymmetry greater than 10% was verified in 26% and 43% of athletes for KE and KF muscles, respectively. Elite players in Brazil present high incidence of strength imbalance in thigh muscles, and they are below USA players in relation to torque production capacity of KE and KF muscles.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo O desempenho isocinético dos músculos da coxa são associados com o desempenho atlético e com o risco de lesões sem contato físico. Apesar do perfil isocinético dos jogadores de futebol americano que atuam nos Estados Unidos (EUA) ser amplamente pesquisado, poucos são os estudos com atletas fora dos EUA. O objetivo primário desse estudo era descrever o desempenho isocinético dos atletas de futebol americano no Brasil. Além disso, buscamos comparar as posições de jogo e comparar os de elite brasileiros e americanos. Os músculos extensores (EXT) e flexores (FLE) de joelho de 72 jogadores brasileiros foram avaliados por testes isocinéticos a 60°∙s-1. O pico de torque concêntrico de EXT foi de 276±56 N∙m, enquanto os FLE tiveram pico de torque concêntrico e excêntrico de 151±37 N∙m e 220±40 N∙m, respectivamente. Jogadores de linha ofensiva apresentaram os maiores picos de torque (todas as comparações constam no artigo). Os jogadores brasileiros apresentaram valores inferiores aos atletas dos EUA para o pico de torque de EXT e FLE. Além disso, uma razão convencional (concêntrico/concêntrico) menor que 0,6 foi observada em 76-83% dos atletas, e uma razão funcional (excêntrico/concêntrico) abaixo de 1,0 foi encontrada em 94% dos atletas. Assimetrias bilaterais superiores a 10% foram verificadas em 26% e 43% dos atletas para EXT e FLE, respectivamente. Os jogadores de elite no Brasil apresentam alta incidência de desequilíbrios de força nos músculos da coxa e estão abaixo dos jogadores norte-americanos em relação à capacidade de produção de torque de EXT e FLE de joelho.

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          Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science.

          Statistical guidelines and expert statements are now available to assist in the analysis and reporting of studies in some biomedical disciplines. We present here a more progressive resource for sample-based studies, meta-analyses, and case studies in sports medicine and exercise science. We offer forthright advice on the following controversial or novel issues: using precision of estimation for inferences about population effects in preference to null-hypothesis testing, which is inadequate for assessing clinical or practical importance; justifying sample size via acceptable precision or confidence for clinical decisions rather than via adequate power for statistical significance; showing SD rather than SEM, to better communicate the magnitude of differences in means and nonuniformity of error; avoiding purely nonparametric analyses, which cannot provide inferences about magnitude and are unnecessary; using regression statistics in validity studies, in preference to the impractical and biased limits of agreement; making greater use of qualitative methods to enrich sample-based quantitative projects; and seeking ethics approval for public access to the depersonalized raw data of a study, to address the need for more scrutiny of research and better meta-analyses. Advice on less contentious issues includes the following: using covariates in linear models to adjust for confounders, to account for individual differences, and to identify potential mechanisms of an effect; using log transformation to deal with nonuniformity of effects and error; identifying and deleting outliers; presenting descriptive, effect, and inferential statistics in appropriate formats; and contending with bias arising from problems with sampling, assignment, blinding, measurement error, and researchers' prejudices. This article should advance the field by stimulating debate, promoting innovative approaches, and serving as a useful checklist for authors, reviewers, and editors.
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            Bioelectrical impedance analysis--part I: review of principles and methods.

            U KYLE (2004)
            The use of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is widespread both in healthy subjects and patients, but suffers from a lack of standardized method and quality control procedures. BIA allows the determination of the fat-free mass (FFM) and total body water (TBW) in subjects without significant fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, when using appropriate population, age or pathology-specific BIA equations and established procedures. Published BIA equations validated against a reference method in a sufficiently large number of subjects are presented and ranked according to the standard error of the estimate. The determination of changes in body cell mass (BCM), extra cellular (ECW) and intra cellular water (ICW) requires further research using a valid model that guarantees that ECW changes do not corrupt the ICW. The use of segmental-BIA, multifrequency BIA, or bioelectrical spectroscopy in altered hydration states also requires further research. ESPEN guidelines for the clinical use of BIA measurements are described in a paper to appear soon in Clinical Nutrition.
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              Epidemiology of high school and collegiate football injuries in the United States, 2005-2006.

              Football, one of the most popular sports among male high school students in the United States, is a leading cause of sports-related injuries, with an injury rate almost twice that of basketball, the second most popular sport. Injury patterns will vary between competition and practice exposures and between levels of play (ie, high school vs. National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA]). Descriptive epidemiology study. Football-related injury data were collected over the 2005-2006 school year from 100 nationally representative high schools via High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) and from 55 Division I, II, and III colleges via the NCAA Injury Surveillance System. Nationally, an estimated 517,726 high school football-related injuries (1881 unweighted injuries) occurred during the 2005-2006 season. The rate of injury per 1000 athlete-exposures was greater during high school competitions (12.04) than during practices (2.56). The rate of injury per 1000 athlete-exposures was also greater during collegiate competitions (40.23) than during practices (5.77). While the overall rate of injury per 1000 athlete-exposures was greater in the NCAA (8.61) than in high school (4.36), high school football players sustained a greater proportion of fractures and concussions. Running plays were the leading cause of injury, with running backs and linebackers being the positions most commonly injured. Patterns of football injuries vary, especially by type of exposure and level of play. Future studies should continue to compare differences in injury patterns in high school and collegiate football, with particular emphasis placed on high-risk plays (running plays) and positions (running backs and linebackers).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbcdh
                Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano
                Rev. bras. cineantropom. desempenho hum.
                Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Florianópolis, SC, Brazil )
                1415-8426
                1980-0037
                August 2017
                : 19
                : 4
                : 426-435
                Affiliations
                [01] Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Brazil
                Article
                S1980-00372017000400426
                10.5007/19800037.2017v19n4p426
                8e37471e-a20e-48d3-83e9-0e696397eb96

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 06 August 2017
                : 12 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Quadríceps,Torque,Football,Hamstring,Quadriceps,Sports,Esportes,Futebol americano,Isquiotibiais

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