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      Survey of Mental Health of Dentists in the COVID-19 Pandemic in the UK

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          A BSTRACT

          Aim:

          To assess the impact of work-related changes on the mental health (MH) of dentists during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic in the UK.

          Materials and Methods:

          Dentists involved in certain treatments, for example, high-speed drilling procedures, generate infectious aerosols. These Aerosol Generating Procedures (AGPs) are at the highest risk of transmission of coronavirus. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant number of dentists in the UK were restricted from providing treatments to reduce the risk of viral transmission. Some of the dentists providing urgent dental treatment were involved in AGPs. Significant and sudden changes in the delivery of dental care in the current pandemic may have impacted the MH of dentists. An online survey was conducted, using validated tools to measure the MH symptoms and stress. Pearson's chi-squared test of independence was used for statistical analysis.

          Results:

          Overall, 123 dentists participated in the survey. The prevalence of anxiety-related symptoms was 71% (95% CI 0.62–0.78), depression-related symptoms was 60% (95% CI 0.51–0.68), and stress was 92% (95% CI 0.86–0.96). Dentists working in the independent sector had more psychological symptoms compared with those in the public sector ( P = 0.014).

          Conclusions:

          Working in the public sector appeared to have a protective effect. Almost all the dentists in this survey were experiencing MH symptoms and stress. Further research is needed to assess the long-term effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on dentists.

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          Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP).

          Gillian A Hawker, Samra Mian, Tetyana Kendzerska … (2011)
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            A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population.

            Bernd Löwe, Inka Wahl, Matthias Rose … (2010)
            The 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) is an ultra-brief self-report questionnaire that consists of a 2-item depression scale (PHQ-2) and a 2-item anxiety scale (GAD-2). Given that PHQ-4, PHQ-2, and GAD-2 have not been validated in the general population, this study aimed to investigate their reliability and validity in a large general population sample and to generate normative data. A nationally representative face-to-face household survey was conducted in Germany in 2006. The survey questionnaire consisted of the PHQ-4, other self-report instruments, and demographic characteristics. Of the 5030 participants (response rate=72.9%), 53.6% were female and mean (SD) age was 48.4 (18.0) years. The sociodemographic characteristics of the study sample closely match those of the total populations in Germany as well as those in the United States. Confirmatory factor analyses showed very good fit indices for a two-factor solution (RMSEA .027; 90% CI .023-.032). All models tested were structurally invariant between different age and gender groups. Construct validity of the PHQ-4, PHQ-2, and GAD-2 was supported by intercorrelations with other self-report scales and with demographic risk factors for depression and anxiety. PHQ-2 and GAD-2 scores of 3 corresponded to percentile ranks of 93.4% and 95.2%, respectively, whereas PHQ-2 and GAD-2 scores of 5 corresponded to percentile ranks of 99.0% and 99.2%, respectively. A criterion standard diagnostic interview for depression and anxiety was not included. Results from this study support the reliability and validity of the PHQ-4, PHQ-2, and GAD-2 as ultra-brief measures of depression and anxiety in the general population. The normative data provided in this study can be used to compare a subject's scale score with those determined from a general population reference group. Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Physician deaths from corona virus (COVID-19) disease

              E B Ing, Q Xu, A Salimi … (2020)
              Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused much morbidity and mortality to patients but also health care providers. Aims We tabulated the cases of physician deaths from COVID-19 associated with front-line work in hopes of mitigating future events. Methods On 15 April 2020, a Google internet search was performed using the keywords ‘doctor’, ‘physician’, ‘death’, ‘COVID’ and ‘coronavirus’ in English and Farsi, and Chinese using the Baidu search engine. The age, sex and medical speciality of physicians who died from COVID-19 in the line of duty were recorded. Individuals greater than 90 years of age were excluded. Results We found 278 physicians who died with COVID-19 infection, but complete details were missing for 108 individuals. The average age of the physicians was 63.7 years with a median age of 66 years, and 90% were male (235/261). General practitioners and emergency room doctors (108/254), respirologists (5/254), internal medicine specialists (13/254) and anaesthesiologists (6/254) comprised 52% of those dying. Two per cent of the deceased were epidemiologists (5/254), 2% were infectious disease specialists (4/254), 6% were dentists (16/254), 4% were ENT (9/254) and 3% were ophthalmologists (8/254). The countries with the most reported physician deaths were Italy (121/278; 44%), Iran (43/278; 15%), Philippines (21/278; 8%), Indonesia (17/278; 6%), China (16/278; 6%), Spain (12/278; 4%), USA (12/278; 4%) and UK (11/278;4%). Conclusions Physicians from all specialities may die from COVID. Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death. Consideration should be made to exclude older physicians from front-line work.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Int Soc Prev Community Dent
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Int Soc Prev Community Dent
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JISPCD
                Title: Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry
                Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )
                ISSN (Print): 2231-0762
                ISSN (Electronic): 2250-1002
                Publication date Collection: Jan-Feb 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 January 2021
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 104-108
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Restorative Dentistry, Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Trustx, Luton, United Kingdom
                [2 ]Healthwork Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Satish Ranka, Healthwork Ltd, 16 St John Street, Manchester M3 4EA, United Kingdom. E-mail: sranka@ 123456healthworkltd.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: JISPCD-11-104
                DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_401_20
                PMC ID: 7934820
                PubMed ID: 33688480
                SO-VID: 8e442aed-5c73-4132-b778-60fe6ea60df2
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2021 Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry
                License:

                This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                Date received : 23 October 2020
                Date revision received : 15 December 2020
                Date accepted : 15 December 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: covid-19,dentist,mental health,pandemic,stress
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, dentist, mental health, pandemic, stress

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