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      Post-trauma and postoperative painful neuropathy Translated title: Neuropatia dolorosa pós-traumática e pós-operatória

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peripheral nerve injuries caused by accidental trauma, surgeries or diseases, may evolve to persistent, severe and refractory neuropathic pain, being a major economic and social problem because it often affects most productive population group causing sometimes devastating incapacities. In this brief review, aspects of the prevalence of neuropathic pain by trauma injury of peripheral nerves and its treatment will be evaluated. CONTENTS: After evaluating neuropathic pain pathophysiology after peripheral nerve injury, the incidence of peripheral nerve trauma injury and of postoperative chronic pain, of predictive factors and of postoperative neuropathic pain prevention, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of post-trauma and postoperative painful neuropathy are appreciated. CONCLUSION: Literature has few studies evaluating neuropathic pain after trauma or surgical peripheral nerve injury and the expression "neuropathic pain" is not normally used to refer to pain after trauma nerve injury, which makes difficult to estimate the prevalence and incidence of post-trauma and postoperative painful neuropathy, although there is consensus that it is a severe worldwide problem, being considered a chronic disease with difficult and still inadequate treatment.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As lesões de nervos periféricos causadas por traumas acidentais, cirurgias ou doenças, podem evoluir para dor neuropática persistente, grave, refratária ao tratamento, constituindo um importante problema econômico e social, pois frequentemente atinge a faixa etária mais produtiva da população, causando incapacidades muitas vezes devastadoras. Nesta breve revisão, serão analisados aspectos da prevalência da dor neuropática por lesão traumática de nervos periféricos e seu tratamento. CONTEÚDO: Após analisar a fisiopatologia da dor neuropática após lesão de nervo periférico, da incidência da lesão traumática de nervos periféricos e da dor crônica pós-operatória, dos fatores preditivos e da prevenção da dor neuropática pós-operatória, é feita uma apreciação do tratamento farmacológico e não farmacológico da neuropatia dolorosa pós-traumática e pós-operatória. CONCLUSÃO: A literatura apresenta poucos artigos que avaliaram a dor neuropática em pacientes após a lesão do nervo periférico traumático ou cirúrgica, e o termo dor neuropática não é normalmente usado para se referir a dor após uma lesão traumática do nervo, o que dificulta estimar a incidência e a prevalência da neuropatia dolorosa pós-traumática e pós-operatória, embora haja consenso que é um grave problema mundial, sendo considerada uma doença crônica cujo tratamento é difícil e ainda inadequado.

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          Most cited references66

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          Chronic pain after surgery.

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              Anticonvulsants (antineuropathics) for neuropathic pain syndromes.

              M Backonja (2000)
              Our knowledge about the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain has grown significantly during last two decades. Basic research with animal models of neuropathic pain and human clinical trials with neuropathic pain have accumulated solid evidence that a number of pathophysiologic and biochemical changes take place in the nervous system at a peripheral or central level as a result of the insult or disease. Many similarities between the pathophysiologic phenomena observed in some epilepsy models and neuropathic pain models justify the rationale for the use of anticonvulsant drugs in the symptomatic management of neuropathic pain disorders. Carbamazepine (CBZ) was the first representative from this class of drugs to be studied in clinical trials. It has been used for the treatment of neuropathic pain syndromes, in particular, trigeminal neuralgia (TN), for the longest time of any of the drugs in this class. Results from clinical trials support the use of CBZ in the treatment of TN, painful diabetic neuropathy, and postherpetic neuralgia. The use of CBZ was not studied for complex regional pain syndrome, phantom limb pain, and other neuropathic conditions, however. Phenytoin was the first anticonvulsant to be used as an antinociceptive agent, but based on clinical trials, there is no evidence for its efficacy in relieving neuropathic pain. Newer anticonvulsants have marked a new era in the treatment of neuropathic pain, with clinical trials of higher quality standards. Gabapentin (GBP) has most clearly demonstrated an analgesic effect for the treatment of neuropathic pain, specifically for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia. Gabapentin has a favorable side effects profile, and based on the results of these studies, it should be considered a first-line treatment for neuropathic pain. Gabapentin mechanisms of action are still not thoroughly defined, but GBP is effective in relieving indexes of allodynia and hyperalgesia in animal models. It still remains to be seen whether GBP is as effective in other painful disorders. One small clinical trial with lamotrigine demonstrated improved pain control in TN. Evidence in support of the efficacy of anticonvulsant drugs in the treatment of neuropathic pain continues to evolve, and benefits have been clearly demonstrated in the case of GBP and CBZ. More advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain syndromes should further our opportunities to establish the role of anticonvulsants in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rdor
                Revista Dor
                Rev. dor
                Sociedade Brasileira para o Estudo da Dor
                2317-6393
                2016
                : 17
                : suppl 1
                : 59-62
                Affiliations
                [1 ] AMB Brasil
                [2 ] Faculdade de Medicina do ABC Brazil
                [3 ] Faculdade de Medicina do ABC Brazil
                Article
                S1806-00132016000500059
                10.5935/1806-0013.20160050
                8eac0891-0ccc-49c3-80c8-330525ba9e31

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1806-0013&lng=en
                Categories
                CLINICAL NEUROLOGY
                CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
                NEUROSCIENCES

                Emergency medicine & Trauma,Neurology,Neurosciences
                Peripheral nerves injury,Chronic pain,Dor crônica,Dor neuropática,Dor pós-operatória,Traumatismos dos nervos periféricos,Neuropathic pain,Postoperative pain

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