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      Molecular identification of Wolbachia and Sodalis glossinidius in the midgut of Glossina fuscipes quanzensis from the Democratic Republic of Congo Translated title: Identification moléculaire de Wolbachia et Sodalis glossinidius dans l’intestin moyen de Glossina fuscipes quanzensis de la République Démocratique du Congo

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          Abstract

          During the last 30 years, investigations on the microbiome of different tsetse species have generated substantial data on the bacterial flora of these cyclical vectors of African trypanosomes, with the overarching goal of improving the control of trypanosomiases. It is in this context that the presence of Wolbachia and Sodalis glossinidius was studied in wild populations of Glossina fuscipes quanzensis from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Tsetse flies were captured with pyramidal traps. Of the 700 Glossina f. quanzensis captured, 360 were dissected and their midguts collected and analyzed. Sodalis glossinidius and Wolbachia were identified by PCR. The Wolbachia-positive samples were genetically characterized with five molecular markers. PCR revealed 84.78% and 15.55% midguts infected by Wolbachia and S. glossinidius, respectively. The infection rates varied according to capture sites. Of the five molecular markers used to characterize Wolbachia, only the fructose bis-phosphate aldolase gene was amplified for about 60% of midguts previously found with Wolbachia infections. The sequencing results confirmed the presence of Wolbachia and revealed the presence of S. glossinidius in the midgut of Glossina f. quanzensis. A low level of midguts were naturally co-infected by both bacteria. The data generated in this study open a framework for investigations aimed at understanding the contribution of these symbiotic microorganisms to the vectorial competence of Glossina fuscipes quanzensis.

          Translated abstract

          Au cours des 30 dernières années, les recherches sur le microbiome de différentes espèces de glossines ont généré des données substantielles sur la flore bactérienne de ces vecteurs cycliques des trypanosomes africains, l’objectif principal étant d’améliorer le contrôle des trypanosomiases. C’est dans cette optique que la présence de Wolbachia et Sodalis glossinidius a été étudiée dans des populations sauvages de Glossina fuscipes quanzensis de la République démocratique du Congo. Les glossines ont été capturées avec des pièges pyramidaux. Parmi les 700 Glossina f. quanzensis capturés, 360 ont été disséqués et leur estomac récupéré et analysé. Sodalis glossinidius et Wolbachia ont été identifiés par PCR. Les échantillons positifs pour Wolbachia ont été génétiquement caractérisés avec cinq marqueurs moléculaires. La PCR a révélé que 84,78 % et 15,55 % de l’intestin moyen étaient respectivement infectés par Wolbachia et S. glossinidius. Les taux d’infection variaient selon les sites de capture. Sur les cinq marqueurs moléculaires utilisés pour caractériser Wolbachia, seul le gène de la fructose bis-phosphate aldolase a été amplifié pour environ 60 % des intestins moyens précédemment identifiés porteurs de Wolbachia. Les résultats du séquençage ont confirmé la présence de Wolbachia et ont révélé la présence de S. glossinidius dans l’intestin moyen de Glossina f. quanzensis. Un faible taux des intestins moyens était naturellement co-infecté par les deux bactéries. Les données de cette étude ouvrent un cadre pour des recherches visant à comprendre la contribution de ces microorganismes symbiotiques sur la compétence vectorielle de Glossina fuscipes quanzensis.

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          Multilocus sequence typing system for the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis.

          The eubacterial genus Wolbachia comprises one of the most abundant groups of obligate intracellular bacteria, and it has a host range that spans the phyla Arthropoda and Nematoda. Here we developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme as a universal genotyping tool for Wolbachia. Internal fragments of five ubiquitous genes (gatB, coxA, hcpA, fbpA, and ftsZ) were chosen, and primers that amplified across the major Wolbachia supergroups found in arthropods, as well as other divergent lineages, were designed. A supplemental typing system using the hypervariable regions of the Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) was also developed. Thirty-seven strains belonging to supergroups A, B, D, and F obtained from singly infected hosts were characterized by using MLST and WSP. The number of alleles per MLST locus ranged from 25 to 31, and the average levels of genetic diversity among alleles were 6.5% to 9.2%. A total of 35 unique allelic profiles were found. The results confirmed that there is a high level of recombination in chromosomal genes. MLST was shown to be effective for detecting diversity among strains within a single host species, as well as for identifying closely related strains found in different arthropod hosts. Identical or similar allelic profiles were obtained for strains harbored by different insect species and causing distinct reproductive phenotypes. Strains with similar WSP sequences can have very different MLST allelic profiles and vice versa, indicating the importance of the MLST approach for strain identification. The MLST system provides a universal and unambiguous tool for strain typing, population genetics, and molecular evolutionary studies. The central database for storing and organizing Wolbachia bacterial and host information can be accessed at http://pubmlst.org/wolbachia/.
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            Comparative analysis of the genome sequences of Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica.

            Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica are closely related Gram-negative beta-proteobacteria that colonize the respiratory tracts of mammals. B. pertussis is a strict human pathogen of recent evolutionary origin and is the primary etiologic agent of whooping cough. B. parapertussis can also cause whooping cough, and B. bronchiseptica causes chronic respiratory infections in a wide range of animals. We sequenced the genomes of B. bronchiseptica RB50 (5,338,400 bp; 5,007 predicted genes), B. parapertussis 12822 (4,773,551 bp; 4,404 genes) and B. pertussis Tohama I (4,086,186 bp; 3,816 genes). Our analysis indicates that B. parapertussis and B. pertussis are independent derivatives of B. bronchiseptica-like ancestors. During the evolution of these two host-restricted species there was large-scale gene loss and inactivation; host adaptation seems to be a consequence of loss, not gain, of function, and differences in virulence may be related to loss of regulatory or control functions.
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              Microbiome influences on insect host vector competence.

              Insect symbioses lack the complexity and diversity of those associated with higher eukaryotic hosts. Symbiotic microbiomes are beneficial to their insect hosts in many ways, including dietary supplementation, tolerance to environmental perturbations and maintenance and/or enhancement of host immune system homeostasis. Recent studies have also highlighted the importance of the microbiome in the context of host pathogen transmission processes. Here we provide an overview of the relationship between insect disease vectors, such as tsetse flies and mosquitoes, and their associated microbiome. Several mechanisms are discussed through which symbiotic microbes can influence the ability of their host to transmit pathogens, as well as potential disease control strategies that harness symbiotic microbes to reduce pathogen transmission through an insect vector. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2019
                07 February 2019
                : 26
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2019/01 )
                : 5
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang PO Box 67 Dschang Cameroon
                [2 ] Institute of Health and Society, Université Catholique de Louvain Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert Brussels Belgium
                [3 ] Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nationalestraat 155 2000 Antwerp Belgium
                [4 ] Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I PO Box 812 Yaoundé Cameroon
                [5 ] Mission Spéciale d’Eradication des Glossines Division Régionale Tsé-Tsé Adamaoua PO Box 263 Ngaoundéré Cameroon
                [6 ] Institut national de recherche biomédicale Kinshasa Avenue de la démocratie N°5345 Gombe Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo
                [7 ] UMR 177, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet Montpellier Cedex 5 France
                [8 ] Center for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFILMT) PO Box 5797 Yaoundé Cameroon
                [9 ] University of Yaoundé I, Faculty of Science PO Box 812 Yaoundé Cameroon
                [10 ] Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa B.P. 127 Kinshasa XI Democratic Republic of Congo
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: gsimoca@ 123456yahoo.fr
                Article
                parasite180128 10.1051/parasite/2019005
                10.1051/parasite/2019005
                6366345
                30729921
                8eadbb31-2760-4822-b429-82d4dc7e3ea9
                © G. Simo et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2019

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 13 September 2018
                : 23 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Research Article

                glossina fuscipes quanzensis,wolbachia,sodalis glossinidius,democratic republic of congo,pcr

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