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      The sphenoid sinus, foramen rotundum and vidian canal: a radiological study of anatomical relationships Translated title: Seio esfenoidal, forame redondo e canal pterigoideo: estudo radiológico das relações anatômicas

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          The sphenoid sinus is an important structure in ventral skull base surgeries that is surrounded by several vital anatomical structures including the internal carotid arteries, optic nerve and cranial nerves inside the cavernous sinus. In addition, the foramen rotundum is a small canal deeply situated in the base of the skull, which represents the way for exit of the maxillary nerve. Understanding of the sphenoid bone anatomical relationships is central to the expanded endonasal approaches to the skull base.

          Objective

          To record and analyze the measurement indexes of the sphenoid sinus and foramen rotundum in the coronal plane of normal computer tomography scans.

          Methods

          Patients underwent paranasal sinuses computer tomography scan from June 2014 to November 2015 were retrospectively entered this cross-sectional study. We obtained several morphometric measurements from both the right and left sides using computer software. We also classified foramen rotundum and vidian canal types and determined position of the foramen rotundum regarding to base of lateral pterygoid plate.

          Results

          One-hundred patients with the mean age of 38.56 ± 18.51 years entered this study. Mean bilateral FR distances were 38.48 ± 3.87 mm. Average right and left FRs distances to midline were 19.00 ± 2.07 and 19.34 ± 2.17 mm, respectively ( p = 0.03). Twenty-eight cases (28%) had type I vidian canal, 48% and 24% had type II and III vidian canals, respectively. Four patients (4%) had type I rotundum foramen, 28% and 44% had type IIa and IIb, respectively and 24% had type III rotundum foramen. The position of foramen rotundums regarding to the base of lateral pterygoid plate was online in 50% of cases, medially placed in 47% and laterally placed in 3% of cases.

          Conclusion

          The results of this study can be used to provide a better anatomical understanding of the area, which is necessary for endoscopic skull base surgeons.

          Resumo

          Introdução

          O seio esfenoidal (SE) é uma estrutura importante em cirurgias da base do crânio, que está cercada por várias estruturas anatômicas vitais, como as artérias carótidas internas, o nervo óptico e os nervos cranianos no interior do seio cavernoso. Além disso, o forame redondo (FR) é um pequeno canal profundamente situado na base do crânio, que representa a forma de saída do nervo maxilar. Compreender as relações anatômicas do osso esfenoidal é fundamental para as abordagens endonasais expandidas da base do crânio.

          Objetivo

          Registrar e analisar os índices de medição do SE e FR no plano coronal de exames normais de TC.

          Método

          Os pacientes que foram submetidos a TC dos seios paranasais (SPN) de junho de 2014 a novembro 2015 foram retrospectivamente incluídos neste estudo transversal. Obtivemos várias medidas morfométricas de ambos os lados direito e esquerdo usando software de computador. Também classificamos os tipos de FR e canal pterigoideo (CP) e determinamos a posição do FR em relação à base da placa pterigoide lateral.

          Resultados

          Cem pacientes com a média de idade de 38,56 ± 18,51 anos foram incluídos neste estudo. As distâncias médias bilaterais de FR foram de 38,48 ± 3,87 milímetros. As distâncias médias direita e esquerda dos FR até a linha média foram de 19,00 ± 2,07 e 19,34 ± 2,17 mm, respectivamente ( p = 0,03). Vinte e oito casos (28%) tinham canal pterigoideo do tipo I, 48% e 24% canais pterigoideos de tipo II e III, respectivamente. Quatro pacientes (4%) tinham forame redondo do tipo I, 28% e 44% do tipo II-a e II-b, respectivamente, e 24% forame redondo do tipo III. A posição dos FR em relação à base da placa pterigoide lateral era em linha em 50% dos casos, medialmente posicionados em 47% e lateralmente posicionados em 3% dos casos.

          Conclusão

          Os resultados deste estudo podem ser utilizados para promover uma melhor compreensão anatômica da área, necessária para cirurgias endoscópicas da base do crânio.

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          Most cited references12

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          Extensions of the sphenoid sinus: a new classification.

          The transsphenoidal approach has been extended in recent years from tumors of the sellar region to lesions involving other areas bordering the sphenoid sinus including the cavernous sinus, Meckel's cave, middle cranial fossa, planum sphenoidal, suprasellar region, and clivus. The goal of this study was to examine various pneumatized extensions of the sphenoid sinus that may facilitate extended approaches directed through the sinus. The sphenoid sinus and its surrounding structures were examined in 18 cadaver heads, and the results were correlated with the findings from 100 computed tomography images of the sinus. The sellar type of the sphenoid sinus in which the pneumatization extended beyond the anterior sellar wall was further classified according to the various extensions of the sinus. The sellar type of the sphenoid sinus was classified into the following 6 basic types based on the direction of pneumatization: sphenoid body, lateral, clival, lesser wing, anterior, and combined. The recesses and prominences, formed by pneumatization of the sinus, act as "windows" opening from the sinus in different areas of the cranial base and may facilitate minimally invasive access to lesions in the corresponding areas. The variations in the extensions of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus may facilitate entry into areas bordering the sphenoid sinus and play a role in the selection of a surgical approach to lesions bordering the sinus.
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            Endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid approaches: anatomical landmarks for planning the surgical corridor.

            Endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid approaches (EETA) use the pneumatization of the sinonasal corridor to control lesions of the middle and posterior skull base. These surgical areas are complex and the required surgical corridors are difficult to predict.
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              Endoscopic transsphenoidal vidian neurectomy.

              The purpose of this report is to describe a novel technique for endoscopic vidian neurectomy (EVN) based on preoperative computed tomography (CT) classification of the vidian canal (VC), and to present anatomical and surgical findings from an initial series. Retrospective study, consisting of medical chart review and patient interviews, of all preoperative CT-guided EVN procedures was performed from 2006 to 2010 at a tertiary-care medical center. A total of 89 patients with intractable rhinorrhea (77 males and 12 females, mean age 29 years, age range 16-57 years) underwent bilateral EVN. Configuration of the VC was classified into three types based on preoperative CT findings. The technique for surgical access of each of these configurations is presented. The most common configuration of the VC was type 2 (47%). A wide, direct, and safe exposure of the vidian nerve was achieved in all cases. 84 of 89 patients completed the questionnaires regarding the postoperative improvement in quality of life. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 42 months, with an average of 19.6 months. 77 of 84 (91.7%) patients were satisfied with their surgical result. Two patients underwent revision ETSVN due to relapsed symptoms. With the help of a preoperative CT scan of the paranasal sinuses, the vidian nerve can be identified precisely via an endoscopic intrasphenoidal or transsphenoidal approach, which provides an easy and reliable way to perform vidian neurectomy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
                Elsevier
                1808-8694
                1808-8686
                24 May 2016
                Jul-Aug 2017
                24 May 2016
                : 83
                : 4
                : 381-387
                Affiliations
                [0005]Iran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. shahin.rajaieh@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1808-8694(16)30093-3
                10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.013
                9442688
                27283380
                8f0289c6-2dc3-454b-aeb2-3ffbab355960
                © 2016 Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. on behalf of Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 10 March 2016
                : 14 April 2016
                Categories
                Original Article

                foramen rutundum,sphenoid sinus,vidian canal,forame redondo,seio esfenoidal,canal pterigoideo

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