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      PCR and bioassays screening of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from rice-fields of Rio Grande do Sul, specific to lepidopterans and coleopterans Translated title: PCR e bioensaios para triagem de isolados de Bacillus thuringiensis, proveninentes de áreas orizícolas do Rio Grande do Sul, específicos para lepidópteros e coleópteros

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          Abstract

          Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates from soil samples of rice-fields in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) were tested through PCR, aiming at the screening of six groups of Bt cry genes, which codify active proteins for coleopterans and lepidopterans rice pests, and their bioinsecticide potential regarding their use in IPM system, as well. Forty six Bt isolates were grown in Agar Nutrient for 12 h and submitted to total DNA extraction. The amplified fragments were analyzed in agarose gel (1-1.5%). The screening isolates showed that 56.51% were potentially lepidopterans specific (cry1, cry2 and cry9) and 21.73% were coleopteran specific (cry3 and cry7/8), with a homogeneous distribution in the rice-field areas in Rio Grande do Sul. Cry2 genes were found just once and in the Litoral area. Bioassays against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae showed the highest corrected mortality (25%) with Bt 2027-1 isolate selected by the presence of cry9 genes. The toxicity bioassays carried out with S. frugiperda using purified proteins of Bt aizawai HD68 indicated a LD50 of 0.95 µg/larvae. Two Bt isolates carrying the cry3 genes (PCR detection) caused a 100% mortality to Oryzophagus oryzae larvae. Bioassay results confirmed the prediction of Bt activity by PCR, which must have a straight relationship with the cry genes that codify those specific insecticidal proteins.

          Translated abstract

          Visando a seleção de seis grupos de genes cry de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), que codificam proteínas ativas para coleópteros e lepidópteros pragas do arroz, 46 isolados de Bt provenientes de amostras de solos das regiões orizícolas do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), foram testados por PCR. Os isolados de Bt foram crescidos em Ágar Nutriente durante 12 h e submetidos a extração de DNA total. Os fragmentos amplificados foram analisados em géis de agarose (1-1,5%). Os resultados referentes ao total de isolados selecionados mostraram que 56,51% foram potencialmente específicos a lepidópteros (cry1, cry2 e cry9) e 21,73% a coleópteros (cry3 e cry7/8), tendo sua distribuição homogênea entre as regiões orizícolas do RS. Apenas os genes cry2 foram localizados somente na região Litoral. Nos bioensaios com lagartas de Spodoptera frugiperda o isolado Bt 2027-1 obteve a maior mortalidade corrigida (25%), o qual havia sido pré-selecionado pela presença de genes cry9. Para a mesma espécie, os testes de toxicidade através de proteínas purificadas de Bt aizawai HD68 revelaram uma DL50 de 0,95 mg/larva. Dois isolados de Bt causaram 100% de mortalidade às larvas de Oryzophagus oryzae, tendo esses sido pré-selecionados pela presença de genes cry3. Os resultados dos bioensaios confirmam a predição da atividade de Bt por PCR, a qual deve estar diretamente relacionada aos genes cry que codificam as proteínas inseticidas específicas.

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          Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Pesticidal Crystal Proteins

          During the past decade the pesticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been the subject of intensive research. These efforts have yielded considerable data about the complex relationships between the structure, mechanism of action, and genetics of the organism’s pesticidal crystal proteins, and a coherent picture of these relationships is beginning to emerge. Other studies have focused on the ecological role of the B. thuringiensis crystal proteins, their performance in agricultural and other natural settings, and the evolution of resistance mechanisms in target pests. Armed with this knowledge base and with the tools of modern biotechnology, researchers are now reporting promising results in engineering more-useful toxins and formulations, in creating transgenic plants that express pesticidal activity, and in constructing integrated management strategies to insure that these products are utilized with maximum efficiency and benefit.
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            Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis.

            A classification for crystal protein genes of Bacillus thuringiensis is presented. Criteria used are the insecticidal spectra and the amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins. Fourteen genes are distinguished, encoding proteins active against either Lepidoptera (cryI), Lepidoptera and Diptera (cryII), Coleoptera (cryIII), or Diptera (cryIV). One gene, cytA, encodes a general cytolytic protein and shows no structural similarities with the other genes. Toxicity studies with single purified proteins demonstrated that every described crystal protein is characterized by a highly specific, and sometimes very restricted, insect host spectrum. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences reveals sequence elements which are conserved for Cry proteins. The expression of crystal protein genes is affected by a number of factors. Recently, two distinct sigma subunits regulating transcription during different stages of sporulation have been identified, as well as a protein regulating the expression of a crystal protein at a posttranslational level. Studies on the biochemical mechanisms of toxicity suggest that B. thuringiensis crystal proteins induce the formation of pores in membranes of susceptible cells. In vitro binding studies with radiolabeled toxins demonstrated a strong correlation between the specificity of B. thuringiensis toxins and the interaction with specific binding sites on the insect midgut epithelium. The expression of B. thuringiensis crystal proteins in plant-associated microorganisms and in transgenic plants has been reported. These approaches are potentially powerful strategies for the protection of agriculturally important crops against insect damage.
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              Extended screening by PCR for seven cry-group genes from field-collected strains of Bacillus thuringiensis.

              An extended multiplex PCR method was established to rapidly identify and classify Bacillus thuringiensis strains containing cry (crystal protein) genes toxic to species of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. The technique enriches current strategies and simplifies the initial stages of large-scale screening of cry genes by pinpointing isolates that contain specific genes or unique combinations of interest with potential insecticidal activities, thus facilitating subsequent toxicity assays. Five pairs of universal primers were designed to probe the highly conserved sequences and classify most (34 of about 60) genes known in the following groups: 20 cry1, 3 cry2, 4 cry3, 2 cry4, 2 cry7, and 3 cry8 genes. The DNA of each positive strain was probed with a set of specific primers designed for 20 of these genes and for cry11A. Twenty-two distinct cry-type profiles were identified from 126 field-collected B. thuringiensis strains. Several of them were found to be different from all published profiles. Some of the field-collected strains, but none of the 16 standard strains, were positive for cry2Ac. Three standard and 38 field-collected strains were positive by universal primers but negative by specific primers for all five known genes of cry7 and cry8. These field-collected strains seem to contain a new gene or genes that seem promising for biological control of insects and management of resistance.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bjm
                Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
                Braz. J. Microbiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1517-8382
                1678-4405
                December 2003
                : 34
                : 4
                : 305-310
                Affiliations
                [01] São Leopoldo RS orgnameUniversidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos orgdiv1Laboratório de Microbiologia Brasil
                [02] Cachoeirinha RS orgnameInstituto Riograndense do Arroz orgdiv1Estação Experimental do Arroz Brasil
                Article
                S1517-83822003000400003 S1517-8382(03)03400403
                8f6d631c-ad4b-4355-811b-60e8ce8680f0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 August 2002
                : 13 January 2003
                : 01 October 2003
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Environmental and Soil

                bioassay,Lepidoptera,Coleoptera,Bacillus thuringiensis,PCR,bioensaios

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