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      Indoor bioaerosol dynamics

      research-article
      Author(s): 1 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Indoor Air
      Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
      Keywords: Bacteria, Deposition, Emission, Fungi, Ventilation, Virus

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          Abstract

          Inhaling indoor air is the primary means by which humans are exposed to bioaerosols. Considering bacteria, fungi, and viruses, this study reviews the dynamic processes that govern indoor concentrations and fates of biological particulate material. Bioaerosol behavior is strongly coupled to particle size; this study emphasizes the range 0.1–10  μm in aerodynamic diameter. The principle of material balance allows concentrations to be determined from knowledge of important source and removal processes. Sources reviewed here include outdoor air introduced by air exchange plus indoor emission from occupants, occupant activities, and moldy materials. Important mechanisms that remove bioaerosols from indoor air include air exchange, deposition onto indoor surfaces, and active filtration. The review summarizes knowledge about size‐dependent particle deposition in different regions of the respiratory tract, techniques for measuring indoor bioaerosols, and evidence for diseases caused by airborne exposure to bioaerosols. Future research challenges and opportunities are highlighted.

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          Legionella and Legionnaires' disease: 25 years of investigation.

          Barry S Fields, Robert Benson, Richard E. Besser (2002)
          There is still a low level of clinical awareness regarding Legionnaires' disease 25 years after it was first detected. The causative agents, legionellae, are freshwater bacteria with a fascinating ecology. These bacteria are intracellular pathogens of freshwater protozoa and utilize a similar mechanism to infect human phagocytic cells. There have been major advances in delineating the pathogenesis of legionellae through the identification of genes which allow the organism to bypass the endocytic pathways of both protozoan and human cells. Other bacteria that may share this novel infectious process are Coxiella burnetti and Brucella spp. More than 40 species and numerous serogroups of legionellae have been identified. Most diagnostic tests are directed at the species that causes most of the reported human cases of legionellosis, L. pneumophila serogroup 1. For this reason, information on the incidence of human respiratory disease attributable to other species and serogroups of legionellae is lacking. Improvements in diagnostic tests such as the urine antigen assay have inadvertently caused a decrease in the use of culture to detect infection, resulting in incomplete surveillance for legionellosis. Large, focal outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease continue to occur worldwide, and there is a critical need for surveillance for travel-related legionellosis in the United States. There is optimism that newly developed guidelines and water treatment practices can greatly reduce the incidence of this preventable illness.
          Article 0 comments Cited 288 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The human microbiome: our second genome.

            Elizabeth Grice, Julia A Segre (2012)
            The human genome has been referred to as the blueprint of human biology. In this review we consider an essential but largely ignored overlay to that blueprint, the human microbiome, which is composed of those microbes that live in and on our bodies. The human microbiome is a source of genetic diversity, a modifier of disease, an essential component of immunity, and a functional entity that influences metabolism and modulates drug interactions. Characterization and analysis of the human microbiome have been greatly catalyzed by advances in genomic technologies. We discuss how these technologies have shaped this emerging field of study and advanced our understanding of the human microbiome. We also identify future challenges, many of which are common to human genetic studies, and predict that in the future, analyzing genetic variation and risk of human disease will sometimes necessitate the integration of human and microbial genomic data sets.
            Article 0 comments Cited 229 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment: progress and prospects.

              J. Douwes, P. Thorne, N Pearce … (2003)
              Exposures to bioaerosols in the occupational environment are associated with a wide range of health effects with major public health impact, including infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, allergies and cancer. Respiratory symptoms and lung function impairment are the most widely studied and probably among the most important bioaerosol-associated health effects. In addition to these adverse health effects some protective effects of microbial exposure on atopy and atopic conditions has also been suggested. New industrial activities have emerged in recent years in which exposures to bioaerosols can be abundant, e.g. the waste recycling and composting industry, biotechnology industries producing highly purified enzymes and the detergent and food industries that make use of these enzymes. Dose-response relationships have not been established for most biological agents and knowledge about threshold values is sparse. Exposure limits are available for some contaminants, e.g. wood dust, subtilisins (bacterial enzymes) and flour dust. Exposure limits for bacterial endotoxin have been proposed. Risk assessment is seriously hampered by the lack of valid quantitative exposure assessment methods. Traditional culture methods to quantify microbial exposures have proven to be of limited use. Non-culture methods and assessment methods for microbial constituents [e.g. allergens, endotoxin, beta(1-->3)-glucans, fungal extracellular polysaccharides] appear more successful; however, experience with these methods is generally limited. Therefore, more research is needed to establish better exposure assessment tools and validate newly developed methods. Other important areas that require further research include: potential protective effects of microbial exposures on atopy and atopic diseases, inter-individual susceptibility for biological exposures, interactions of bioaerosols with non-biological agents and other potential health effects such as skin and neurological conditions and birth effects.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indoor Air
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indoor Air
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1600-0668
                Journal ID (publisher-id): INA
                Title: Indoor Air
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0905-6947
                ISSN (Electronic): 1600-0668
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 December 2014
                Publication date (Print): February 2016
                Volume: 26
                Issue: 1 , Keynote: Indoor Air 2014 ( doiID: 10.1111/ina.2016.26.issue-1 )
                Pages: 61-78
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California Berkeley CA USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] W. W. Nazaroff

                Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720‐1710, USA

                Tel.: +1 510 642 1040

                e‐mail: nazaroff@ 123456ce.berkeley.edu

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5645-3357
                Article
                Publisher ID: INA12174
                DOI: 10.1111/ina.12174
                PMC ID: 7165847
                PubMed ID: 25483392
                SO-VID: 8ff23ff0-f07c-4c30-b3cf-4fba0d75be7b
                Copyright © © 2014 The Authors. Indoor Air published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 26 September 2014
                Date accepted : 03 December 2014
                Page count
                Pages: 18
                Funding
                Funded by: Alfred P. Sloan Foundation , open-funder-registry 10.13039/100000879;
                Funded by: Republic of Singapore's National Research Foundation
                Categories
                Subject: Keynote: Indoor Air 2014
                Subject: Keynote: Indoor Air 2014
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date February 2016
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.0 mode:remove_FC converted:15.04.2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: bacteria,deposition,emission,fungi,ventilation,virus
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: bacteria, deposition, emission, fungi, ventilation, virus

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