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      Complicações da intubação traqueal em pediatria Translated title: Complications of tracheal intubation in pediatrics

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Descrever a frequência e os tipos de complicações da intubação traqueal e suas principais causas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de pacientes internados na UTI Pediátrica da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, entre maio/98 e dezembro/99 e que foram submetidos a intubação traqueal por mais de 24 horas. Os critérios de exclusão incluíam intubações anteriores, cirurgias ou traumas em região cervical ou orofaringe. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 147 casos com idade variando de um mês até 15 anos e três meses. Em 31,3% foram usados tubos traqueais de tamanho inadequado e 14,3% necessitaram cinco ou mais tentativas para serem intubados. Houve maior dificuldade de intubação por parte dos médicos residentes. O maior número de tentativas de intubação traqueal foi relacionado com aumento de traumas, hipóxia, bradicardia e piora no escore de Downes após a extubação. Foram observados 21,8% de extubação acidental, que se relacionou com piora no escore de Downes e necessidade de reintubação. Os médicos residentes também causaram maior número de traumas e de bradicardia. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria das complicações pode ser atribuída à falta de experiência e treinamento do médico que realizou a intubação traqueal, devendo-se para minimizá-las implementar programas de treinamento e aumentar a supervisão durante a intubação traqueal.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency and types of tracheal intubation complications and their main causes. METHODS: Cross sectional study of patients who were submitted to tracheal intubation for more than 24 hours at the Pediatric ICU of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, between May 1998 and December 1999. Exclusion criteria were previous intubations, surgeries or traumas in the cervical region or oropharynx. RESULTS: A study of 147 patients with ages varying from 1 month to 15 years and 3 months was carried out. An inadequate tracheal tube had been used in 31.3% of patients submitted to tracheal intubation and 14.3% needed 5 or more attempts to achieve intubation. Resident physicians had more difficulty with intubation. Most tracheal intubation attempts were related to increased traumas, hypoxia, bradycardia and worsening of the Downes score after extubation. Accidental extubation was observed in 21.8%, related to worsening in the score of Downes and need for reintubation. The resident physicians also caused a higher number of traumas and bradycardia. CONCLUSION: Most complications may be attributed to lack of experience and training of the physician performing the tracheal intubation. We should implement training programs and increase supervision during tracheal intubation to minimize these outcomes.

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          Possible risk factors associated with moderate or severe airway injuries in children who underwent endotracheal intubation.

          To analyze the role of risk factors associated with moderate or severe airway injuries in children who underwent endotracheal intubation. Prospective cohort study. Pediatric intensive care unit. All patients who required endotracheal intubation during a 25-mo period (October 1999 through October 2001). Exclusion criteria were death before extubation and weight of <1250 g. Airway endoscopy at extubation and reevaluation for those reintubated. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated in the univariate risk factor analysis (age, sex, organ failure, difficult intubation, tube size, reintubation, tube changes, and duration of intubation). p Values were calculated from the chi-square test with Yates' correction or for trend, and a value of <.05 was considered significant. To define which of the main variables were independently associated with the outcomes of interest, we used logistic stepwise forward modeling. The Mantel-Haenszel method was used for the stratified analysis between the two independently associated variables. The study population consisted of 215 patients (61 newborns and 154 children). Moderate lesions occurred in 24.2% of patients, and severe lesions in 10.7% of patients. Risk factors associated with moderate or severe injury in a univariate analysis were age, sex, organ failure, reintubation, tube changes, and longer duration of intubation. According to Mantel-Haenszel stratified analysis results, reintubation and tube changes were the only variables independently associated with the outcomes. We concluded that to prevent morbidity secondary to airway injury, efforts should be directed to avoid reintubation and tube changes in the concerned scenario.
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            Complications associated with mechanical ventilation.

            A constellation of adverse effects and complications may be associated with mechanical ventilation, although in many instances the causal role of the ventilator itself has not been established. Complications occur with greater frequency than is generally appreciated, and tend to be under-reported in the medical literature. Among the potential adverse physiologic effects of positive-pressure ventilation are decreased cardiac output, unintended respiratory alkalosis, increased intracranial pressure, gastric distension, and impairment of hepatic and renal function. Failure of the ventilator to cycle, of safety alarms to function properly, and of inspired gas to be properly heated or humidified are examples of equipment-related complications. Perhaps most feared among medical complications occurring during mechanical ventilation are pneumothorax, bronchopleural fistula, and the development of nosocomial pneumonia; these entities may owe as much to the impairment of host defenses and normal tissue integrity as to the presence of the ventilator per se. Finally, a variety of avoidable "misadventures," due primarily to lapses of understanding and communication among the physicians, nurses, and respiratory care practitioners managing the ventilated patient, can adversely affect comfort, morbidity, and ultimate outcome.
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              Complications of assisted ventilation

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ramb
                Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
                Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.
                Associação Médica Brasileira (São Paulo )
                1806-9282
                2009
                : 55
                : 6
                : 646-650
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0104-42302009000600007
                10.1590/S0104-42302009000600007
                900d95a0-1c8d-40b7-babc-ab138cedf903

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104-4230&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Intratracheal intubation,Complications,Artificial respiration,Pediatrics,Intubação intratraqueal,Complicações,Respiração artificial,Pediatria

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