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      Bestimmung spenderreaktiver, IFNgamma-produzierender Zellen vor und nach Nierentransplantation im ELISpot-Assay

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          Abstract

          Hintergrund: Um akute Rejektionen nach Nierentransplantation früh erkennen und behandeln zu können, gleichzeitig die Nebenwirkungen einer immunsuppressiven Therapie zu minimieren, wäre die Etablierung eines “Immunmonitorings”, welches zu jedem Zeitpunkt Hinweise auf die Aktivierung des Immunsystems des Empfängers gegen das Transplantat gibt, wünschenswert. Methodik: In dieser Studie wurden die Anzahl der spenderreaktiven, IFNgamma-produzierenden T-Zellen von 52 nierentransplantierten Patienten zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten vor (prä-TX) und nach Transplantation (post-TX) im ELISpot-Assay gemessen und in Zusammenhang mit der klinischen Entwicklung gebracht. Außerdem wurde das Assay auf Reproduzierbarkeit untersucht und versucht zu optimieren. Ergebnisse: Eine stark erhöhte Anzahl spenderreaktiver Zellen prä-TX (>200 IFNgamma-spots/3*100000 PBMZ, n = 5) war immer mit einer akuten Rejektion des Transplantats assoziiert. Post-TX korrelierte die Anzahl der spenderreaktiven, IFNgamma-produzierenden Zellen mit der Nierenfunktion ein Jahr nach Transplantation. Diese Korrelation wurde in den Wochen 2 und 3 post-TX und bei Patienten ohne akute Rejektion, besonders deutlich. Hinsichtlich der methodischen Optimierung hat sich die magnetische Depletion CD2pos-Zellen als effektiv gezeigt, die IFNgamma-Sekretion von Stimulatorzellen zu unterbinden. Um die Reproduzierbarkeit des Assays zu verbessern sollten Stimulatorzellen im Überschuss und Empfänger-T-Zellen in einer konstanten Anzahl eingesetzt werden. Dabei sollte die Gesamtzellzahl über 1000000 Zellen/ml betragen. Conclusion: Das ELISpot-Assay ist zur Erkennung klinisch relevanter T-Zellsensibilisierungen vor und nach Transplantation geeignet. Vor einem Einsatz in der klinischen Routine sollten jedoch einige methodische Verbesserungen vorgenommen werden.

          Abstract

          Background: In order to perform early diagnosis and treatment of acute rejections after renal transplantation while minimizing side effects of immunosuppression, an immune monitoring tool is needed, which gives information on the activation state of the immune system of the transplant recipient against the allograft at any given time. Methods: In this study, frequencies of donor-reactive, IFNgamma-producing T cells where measured in 52 renal transplant recipients at different time points before (pre-TX) and after transplantation (post-TX) using the ELISPOT-assay. The frequencies were correlated with clinical outcome. Also, the reproducibility of the assay and possibilities of optimization were tested. Results: Highly elevated frequencies of donor-reactive cells pre-TX (>200 IFNgamma-spots/3*100000 PBMC´s, n = 5) were always associated with acute rejection episodes after transplantation. Post-TX frequencies of donor-reactive, IFNgamma-producing cells correlated significantly with graft function one year post-TX. This correlation was strongest for frequencies in week 2 and 3 post-TX and in patients without acute rejection. Regarding the methodical optimization, magnetic CD2pos-cell depletion of donor leucocytes proved useful to inhibit IFNgamma secretion of stimulating cells. To improve reproducibility of the assay stimulating cells should be used as a surplus, a constant number of responding T cells should be chosen, and overall cell concentration should exceed 1000000 cells/ml. Conclusion: The ELISPOT-assay is a useful tool to detect clinically relevant T cell sensibilisation pre- and post-TX. Before it is routinely used some methodical alterations must be performed.

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          Most cited references75

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          Regulatory T cells in transplantation tolerance.

          The identification and characterization of regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells that can control immune responsiveness to alloantigens have opened up exciting opportunities for new therapies in transplantation. After exposure to alloantigens in vivo, alloantigen-specific immunoregulatory activity is enriched in a population of CD4+ T cells that express high levels of CD25. In vivo, common mechanisms seem to underpin the activity of CD4+CD25+ T(Reg) cells in both naive and manipulated hosts. However, the origin, allorecognition properties and molecular basis for the suppressive activity of CD4+CD25+ T(Reg) cells, as well as their relationship to other populations of regulatory cells that exist after transplantation, remain a matter of debate..
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            T cell memory.

            Immunological memory can be defined as the faster and stronger response of an animal that follows reexposure to the same antigen. By this definition, it is an operational property of the whole animal or the immune system. Memory cells express a different pattern of cell surface markers, and they respond in several ways that are functionally different from those of naive cells. Murine memory cells are CD44 high and low in the expression of activation markers such as CD25 (IL-2R), whereas human memory cells are CD45RA-, CD45RO+. In contrast to naive cells, memory cells secrete a full range of T cell cytokines and can be polarized to secrete particular restricted patterns of secretion for both CD4 and CD8 T cells. The requirements for the activation of memory cells for proliferation and cytokine production are not quite as strict as those of naive cells, but costimulation in the broad sense is required for optimum responses and for responses to suboptimum antigen concentrations. It would appear that memory cells can persist in the absence of antigenic stimulation and persist as nondividing cells. Reencounter with the same antigen can expand the population to a new, stable, higher level and generate a separate population of CD44 high effectors that may be required for protection, while competition from other antigens can drive it down to a lower stable level. It is unclear how or where memory cells arise, but once generated they have different pathways of recirculation and homing.
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              Regulation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell homeostasis by perforin and interferon-gamma.

              T cell memory depends on factors that regulate expansion and death of these cells after antigenic stimulation. Mice deficient in perforin and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) exhibited increased expansion, altered immunodominance, and decreased death of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells after infection with an attenuated strain of Listeria monocytogenes, which was cleared from these mice. Expansion of CD8+ T cells was controlled by perforin, whereas IFN-gamma regulated immunodominance and the death phase. Thus, perforin and IFN-gamma regulate distinct elements of CD8+ T cell homeostasis independently of their role as antimicrobial effector molecules.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt-Universität (kvv )
                10 November 2005
                19 July 2007
                Article
                oai:HUBerlin.de:26273
                9097cb68-193f-4a22-ba94-542624ca6a2c
                History

                Medizin,renal transplantation,Nierentransplantation,YI 6565,spenderspezifische T-Zellen,ELISpot-Assay,Interferon gamma,donor-specific T cells,elispot-assay,interferon gamma

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