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      Evaluation of new strain (AAD16) of Beauveria bassiana recovered from Japanese rhinoceros beetle: Effects on three coleopteran insects

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          Abstract

          A strain (AAD16) of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin was isolated from field-collected Japanese rhinoceros beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Its virulence was compared with another strain (ARP14) recovered from a cadaver of Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) focusing on its effect on three coleopteran, i.e., Tenebrio molitor L., A. dichotoma, and Monochamus alternatus Hope. The LT 50 value of T. molitor for two larval sizes, i.e., 16–18 and 22–24 mm, was 15.3 and 19.4% lower for strain AAD16 compared to strain ARP14, respectively. Furthermore, after 8 and 10 days of exposure, the mycosis rate of strain AAD16 was 1.3 and 1.2 times higher than that of strain ARP14 in the 16–18 and 22–24 mm larval sizes, respectively. The LT 50 for M. alternatus larvae was 23.2% lower on strain AAD16 than on strain ARP14. In addition, the LT 50 for M. alternatus adults was 47.1% lower for strain AAD16 compared to control. The mycosis rate of strain AAD16 on M. alternatus larvae was 1.8 higher than that of strain ARP14 after 120 hours of exposure. The strain AAD16 also showed higher larval mortality (90%) for A. dichotoma compared to strain ARP14 (45.0%) at 28 days after exposure. These results suggest that B. bassiana AAD16 can be a potential biological control agent against coleopteran pests.

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          MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0.

          We announce the release of an advanced version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, which currently contains facilities for building sequence alignments, inferring phylogenetic histories, and conducting molecular evolutionary analysis. In version 6.0, MEGA now enables the inference of timetrees, as it implements the RelTime method for estimating divergence times for all branching points in a phylogeny. A new Timetree Wizard in MEGA6 facilitates this timetree inference by providing a graphical user interface (GUI) to specify the phylogeny and calibration constraints step-by-step. This version also contains enhanced algorithms to search for the optimal trees under evolutionary criteria and implements a more advanced memory management that can double the size of sequence data sets to which MEGA can be applied. Both GUI and command-line versions of MEGA6 can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            A Method of Computing the Effectiveness of an Insecticide

            W. Abbott (1925)
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              Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi.

              Six DNA regions were evaluated as potential DNA barcodes for Fungi, the second largest kingdom of eukaryotic life, by a multinational, multilaboratory consortium. The region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 used as the animal barcode was excluded as a potential marker, because it is difficult to amplify in fungi, often includes large introns, and can be insufficiently variable. Three subunits from the nuclear ribosomal RNA cistron were compared together with regions of three representative protein-coding genes (largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, and minichromosome maintenance protein). Although the protein-coding gene regions often had a higher percent of correct identification compared with ribosomal markers, low PCR amplification and sequencing success eliminated them as candidates for a universal fungal barcode. Among the regions of the ribosomal cistron, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has the highest probability of successful identification for the broadest range of fungi, with the most clearly defined barcode gap between inter- and intraspecific variation. The nuclear ribosomal large subunit, a popular phylogenetic marker in certain groups, had superior species resolution in some taxonomic groups, such as the early diverging lineages and the ascomycete yeasts, but was otherwise slightly inferior to the ITS. The nuclear ribosomal small subunit has poor species-level resolution in fungi. ITS will be formally proposed for adoption as the primary fungal barcode marker to the Consortium for the Barcode of Life, with the possibility that supplementary barcodes may be developed for particular narrowly circumscribed taxonomic groups.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                10 January 2024
                2024
                : 19
                : 1
                : e0296094
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
                [2 ] Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
                National Institute of Agricultural Research - INRA, MOROCCO
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6704-0627
                Article
                PONE-D-23-23339
                10.1371/journal.pone.0296094
                10781193
                38198474
                909c1282-803d-433c-a5f5-315f2085ec92
                © 2024 Sarker et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 28 July 2023
                : 5 December 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 4, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs
                Award ID: 321054-05-2-HD020
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, and Forestry (IPET) through Agricultural Machinery/Equipment Localization Technology Development Program, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (321054-05-2-HD020). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Life Cycles
                Larvae
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Beetles
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                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
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                Entomology
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                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
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                Biology and Life Sciences
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