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      Growth inhibitors in turfgrass Translated title: Inibidores de crescimento em gramados

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          Abstract

          Well-maintained lawns are comfortable and safe places for leisure activities and sports practice, and they also bring environmental benefits; for example, they reduce soil exposure to erosion and releases atmospheric CO2, thus reducing the greenhouse effect. However, regardless of the purpose of use or the choice of the plant species to form the lawn, the highest costs involve cutting that is needed to keep the turfgrass at its appropriate height. Successive lawn cutting operations are necessary basically because of the vegetative and reproductive growth of turfgrass which, in Brazil, occurs mainly from October to March. Expenditures with successive mechanical cuttings have fostered the search of alternative procedures to keep lawn plants at appropriate height, such as the use of plant growth inhibitors, an increasingly interesting procedure. Since the use of this technology in Brazil is still at its early stage, the aim of this literature review is to examine aspects associated with lawn management by using growth inhibitors. Another alternative is to increase the knowledge of the classification and rational application of the different compounds currently available in the market.

          Translated abstract

          Um gramado bem mantido proporciona local confortável e seguro para diversão e prática de esportes, reduz a exposição do solo à erosão, libera oxigênio e captura CO2 atmosférico, atenuando o efeito estufa. Contudo, independentemente da modalidade de uso ou da escolha da espécie, o principal fator do custo de manutenção dos gramados é o corte para manter a altura adequada. As sucessivas operações de corte estão basicamente relacionadas ao crescimento vegetativo e florescimento da grama, sobretudo nos meses de outubro a março. O dispêndio com os cortes sucessivos leva à procura de alternativas para o manejo mecânico, tendo como possibilidade o uso de inibidores de crescimento vegetal. Como o uso dessa tecnologia em gramados no Brasil ainda é muito incipiente, pretende-se neste texto de revisão abordar os aspectos relativos ao manejo de gramados pelo uso de substâncias inibidoras do desenvolvimento vegetal, bem como atualizar os conhecimentos quanto à classificação e aplicação racional dos diferentes compostos atualmente disponíveis.

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          Most cited references82

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          Herbicidas: mecanismos de ação e resistência de plantas

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            Plant growth substances: principles and applications

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              Leaf Senescence and Protein Metabolism in Creeping Bentgrass Exposed to Heat Stress and Treated with Cytokinins

              Heat stress induces leaf senescence and causes changes in protein metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of exogenous application of a synthetic form of cytokinin, zeatin riboside (ZR), on protein metabolism associated with leaf senescence under heat stress for a cool-season grass species. Creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) (cv. Penncross) plants were exposed to optimum temperature control (20/15 °C, day/night) and heat stress (35/30 °C) in growth chambers. Before heat stress treatments, foliage was sprayed with 10 μmol ZR or water (untreated) for 3 days and then once per week during 35 days of heat stress. Leaf chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency (F v /F m ), and soluble protein content declined, whereas protease activity increased during heat stress. Treatments with ZR helped maintain higher leaf chlorophyll content, F v /F m , and soluble protein content under heat stress. Protease activity in ZR-treated plants was lower than that of untreated plants. Zeatin riboside-treated plants had less severe degradation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase proteins than untreated plants exposed to heat stress. In addition, ZR treatment upregulated the expression of 32- and 57-kDa proteins under heat stress conditions. These results demonstrated that the exogenous application of ZR ameliorated the negative effects of heat stress, as manifested by suppression or delay of leaf senescence. Cytokinins may have helped to alleviate heat stress injury, probably by slowing down the action of protease and by induction or upregulation of heat-shock proteins.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pd
                Planta Daninha
                Planta daninha
                Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas (Viçosa )
                1806-9681
                September 2013
                : 31
                : 3
                : 733-747
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                [3 ] Auburn University United States
                Article
                S0100-83582013000300025
                10.1590/S0100-83582013000300025
                90af6545-5ef1-4561-9838-fbb3c14a8861

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-8358&lng=en
                Categories
                PLANT SCIENCES

                Plant science & Botany
                growth regulator,lawn,bio-stimulant,injury,selectivity,herbicide,reguladores de crescimento,gramado,bioestimulante,injúria,seletividade,herbicida

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