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      Tratamento pré-operatório do carcinoma do recto localmente avançado: Capecitabina versus Capox Translated title: Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: Capecitabine versus Capox

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          Abstract

          Introdução: A terapêutica pré-operatória com quimioterapia e radioterapia concomitante (QRT-PO) é o tratamento de primeira-linha no carcinoma do recto localmente avançado, estadios II e III (classificação TNM). O objectivo deste estudo é o de comparar a eficácia e perfil de segurança e toxicidade de dois esquemas alternativos de quimioterapia em combinação com radioterapia: capecitabina versus capecitabina em associação com oxaliplatina. Métodos: Entre Janeiro 2007 e Janeiro 2011, foram estudados retrospectivamente setenta e seis doentes com 68,3 anos de idade mediana (limites, 45-88 anos), 68% do sexo masculino, com o diagnóstico de carcinoma do recto nos estadios II e III, com uma distância mediana à margem anal de 7 cm (3-12cm), submetidos a QRT-PO. Foram administrados dois esquemas de QRT-PO: radioterapia 50,4 Gy dose total concomitante com a capecitabina 825 mg/m2 bi-diário, dia 1-38 (esquema CAP), versus radioterapia 50,4 Gy dose total concomitante com capecitabina 825 mg/m2 bi-diário, dia 1-38 e oxaliplatina 50 mg/m2 semanal (esquema CAPOX). O grau de regressão histológica (GRH) foi determinado pela quantidade de tumor viável versus fibrose. A toxicidade foi monitorizada de acordo com os critérios de toxicidade do National Cancer Institute. Resultados: O esquema CAP foi aplicado em 67% e o esquema CAPOX em 33% dos doentes. O total de respostas completas (pRC) foi de 13,2% (GRH 4). Na avaliação histopatológica, a caracterização ypTNM documentou um downstaging de T e N em 52.6% e 65.8% dos casos, respectivamente. A toxicidade grau 3 foi reportada em menos de 10% dos casos e não foi observada toxicidade grau 4. Conclusão: Este estudo sugere não haver benefício da adição da oxaliplatina ao esquema pré-operatório com RT e capecitabina.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy is considered a standard approach for TNM stage II-III rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and toxicity of pre-operative chemoradiation in this setting. Methods: Between January 2007 and January 2011, patients received 5 weeks of treatment with radiotherapy 50.4/54 Gy/25 or 30 fractions with concurrent capecitabine 850 mg/m2 twice daily 5 days per week (CAP) or radiotherapy 50.4/54 Gy/25 fractions with capecitabine 850 mg/m2 twice daily 5 days per week and oxaliplatin 50 mg/m(2) once weekly (CAPOX). Histopathologic tumor regression (TRG) was determined by the amount of viable tumor versus fibrosis. Toxicity was monitored according to the Common Toxicity Criteria of the National Cancer Institute. Results: Seventy six patients were included (median age 68.3 years [range 45-88], 67% male). Median tumor distance from anal verge was 7cm (range 2-13). CAP treatment was performed in 67% and CAPOX in 33% of patients. Pathologic complete response was achieved in 13,2%. T- and N- downstaging rates were 52.6%, 65.8%, respectively. Grade 3 toxicity was documented in less than 10% of patients and no grade 4 toxicity was observed. Conclusions: This study suggests that there is no major benefit from adding oxaliplatin to preoperative chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine.

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          Most cited references54

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          Patients with curative resection of cT3-4 rectal cancer after preoperative radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy: does anybody benefit from adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy? A trial of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiation Oncology Group.

          European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) trial 22921 compared adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy (CT) to no adjuvant treatment in a 2 x 2 factorial trial with randomization for preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy in patients with resectable T3-4 rectal cancer. The results showed no significant impact of adjuvant CT on progression-free or overall survival, although a difference seemed to emerge at approximately, respectively, 2 and 5 years after the start of preoperative treatment. We further explored the data with the aim of refining our understanding of the long-term results. Data of 785 of the 1,011 randomly assigned patients who whose disease was M0 at curative surgery were used. Using meta-analytic methods, we investigated the homogeneity of the effect of adjuvant CT on the time to relapse or death after surgery (disease-free survival [DFS]) and survival in patient subgroups. Although there was no statistically significant impact of adjuvant CT on DFS for the whole group (P > .5), the treatment effect differed significantly between the ypT0-2 and the ypT3-4 patients (heterogeneity P = .009): only the ypT0-2 patients seemed to benefit from adjuvant CT (P = .011). The same pattern was observed for overall survival. Exploratory analyses suggest that only good-prognosis patients (ypT0-2) benefit from adjuvant CT. This could explain why, in the whole group, the progression-free and overall survival diverged only after the poor-prognosis patients (ypT3-4) had experienced treatment failure. Patients in whom no downstaging was achieved did not benefit. This also suggests that the same prognostic factors may drive both tumor sensitivity for the primary treatment and long-term clinical benefit from further adjuvant CT.
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            Mismatch repair proficiency and in vitro response to 5-fluorouracil.

            The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system recognizes certain DNA adducts caused by alkylation damage in addition to its role in recognizing and directing repair of interstrand nucleotide mismatches and slippage mistakes at microsatellite sequences. Because defects in the MMR system can confer tolerance to acquired DNA damage and, by inference, the toxic effects of certain chemotherapeutic agents, we investigated the effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on colon cancer cell lines. We determined growth selection by cell enrichment assay and cloning efficiency after treatment with 5 micromol/L 5-FU, assayed nucleic 3H-5-FU incorporation, and analyzed the cell cycle by flow cytometry. 5-FU treatment provided a growth advantage for MMR-deficient cell lines, indicating a relative degree of tolerance to 5-FU by the MMR-deficient cell lines. Enhanced survival was statistically significant after 5 days of growth, and a 28-fold reduction in survival was noted in the MMR-proficient cells by clonagenic assays after 10 days of growth. Differences in nucleotide uptake of 5-FU did not account for the observed growth differences, and specific cell cycle checkpoint arrest was not detected. Intact DNA MMR seems to recognize 5-FU incorporated into DNA but may do so in a different manner than other types of alkylation damage. Defective DNA MMR might be one mechanism for tumor resistance to 5-FU.
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              Prognostic and predictive roles of high-degree microsatellite instability in colon cancer: a National Cancer Institute-National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Collaborative Study.

              The role of high-degree microsatellite instability (MSI-H) as a marker to predict benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy remains unclear. To help define its impact, we conducted an analysis of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) patients who were randomly assigned to a surgery-alone group (untreated cohort) and patients assigned to an adjuvant fluorouracil (FU) -treated group (treated cohort). MSI-H and other potential markers were assessed (TGF-BRII, p53, thymidylate synthase, and Ki67). In all, 98 (18.1%) of 542 patients exhibited MSI-H, and there was a strong inverse relationship between MSI-H and mutant p53 status (P < .001). The prognostic analyses showed increased recurrence-free survival (RFS) for MSI-H patients versus MSS/MSI-L patients (P = .10), but showed no difference in overall survival (OS; P = .67). There was a potential interaction between MSI-H and mutant p53 in terms of improved RFS (P = .03). In the predictive marker analysis, we observed no interaction between MSI status and treatment for either RFS (P = .68) or OS (P = .62). Hazard ratios (HR) for RFS for MSI-H versus MSS/MSI-L patients were 0.77 (95% CI, 0.40 to 1.48) in the untreated-patients group and 0.60 (95% CI, 0.30 to 1.19) in the treated-patients group. HRs for OS were 0.82 (95% CI, 0.44 to 1.51) and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.56 to 1.85) for the respective groups. There was a trend toward improved RFS in patients with MSI-H and mutant p53. These results do not support the use of MSI-H as a predictive marker of chemotherapy benefit.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rpc
                Revista Portuguesa de Cirurgia
                Rev. Port. Cir.
                Sociedade Portuguesa de Cirurgia (Lisboa )
                1646-6918
                December 2013
                : 0
                : 27
                : 11-18
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central Portugal
                [2 ] Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central Portugal
                [3 ] Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central Portugal
                Article
                S1646-69182013000400004
                90d6b614-3f02-4867-92eb-ccc1d7feb468

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1646-6918&lng=en
                Categories
                SURGERY

                Surgery
                rectal cancer,oxaliplatin,carcinoma recto,neo-adjuvante,downstaging,capecitabina,chemoradiotherapy,capecitabine,oxaliplatina

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